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Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 from 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants

Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 from 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 from 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants
Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m2[underweight], 18.5 kg/m2to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2[morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m2(95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2(24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m2(21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m2(24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21.4 kg/m2in central Africa and south Asia to 29.2 kg/m2(28.6-29.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21.8 kg/m2(21.4-22.3) in south Asia to 32.2 kg/m2(31.5-32.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13.8% (10.5-17.4) to 8.8% (7.4-10.3) in men and from 14.6% (11.6-17.9) to 9.7% (8.3-11.1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23.4% (17.8-29.2) in men and 24.0% (18.9-29.3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% (2.4-4.1) in 1975 to 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% (5.1-7.8) to 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in women. 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of the world's men and 5.0% (4.4-5.6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0.64% (0.46-0.86) in men and 1.6% (1.3-1.9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia.
0140-6736
1377-1396
Di Cesare, M.
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Cooper, C.
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Fall, C.
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Robinson, S.
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NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Di Cesare, M.
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Bentham, J.
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Stevens, G.A.
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Zhou, B.
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Danaei, G.
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Lu, Y.
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Bixby, H.
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Hajifathalian, K.
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Fortunato, L.
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Taddei, C.
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Bennett, J.E.
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Ikeda, N.
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Laxmaiah, A.
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Abdul Hamid, Z.
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Aly, E.
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Ariansen, I.
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Cooper, C.
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Fall, C.
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Osmond, C.
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Robinson, S.
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Cooper, C., Fall, C. and Osmond, C. et al. , NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016) Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 from 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants. The Lancet, 387 (10026), 1377-1396. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X). (PMID:27115820)

Record type: Article

Abstract

Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m2[underweight], 18.5 kg/m2to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2[morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m2(95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2(24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m2(21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m2(24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21.4 kg/m2in central Africa and south Asia to 29.2 kg/m2(28.6-29.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21.8 kg/m2(21.4-22.3) in south Asia to 32.2 kg/m2(31.5-32.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13.8% (10.5-17.4) to 8.8% (7.4-10.3) in men and from 14.6% (11.6-17.9) to 9.7% (8.3-11.1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23.4% (17.8-29.2) in men and 24.0% (18.9-29.3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% (2.4-4.1) in 1975 to 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% (5.1-7.8) to 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in women. 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of the world's men and 5.0% (4.4-5.6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0.64% (0.46-0.86) in men and 1.6% (1.3-1.9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia.

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Accepted/In Press date: 17 December 2015
Published date: 2 April 2016
Organisations: Faculty of Medicine

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 394862
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/394862
ISSN: 0140-6736
PURE UUID: f86f4b05-1c1b-4392-a8e8-f8ba6a4213d3
ORCID for C. Cooper: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3510-0709
ORCID for C. Fall: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-5552
ORCID for C. Osmond: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-4655
ORCID for S. Robinson: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-1766-7269

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Date deposited: 10 Jun 2016 15:22
Last modified: 18 Mar 2024 02:46

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Contributors

Author: M. Di Cesare
Author: J. Bentham
Author: G.A. Stevens
Author: B. Zhou
Author: G. Danaei
Author: Y. Lu
Author: H. Bixby
Author: M.J. Cowan
Author: L.M. Riley
Author: K. Hajifathalian
Author: L. Fortunato
Author: C. Taddei
Author: J.E. Bennett
Author: N. Ikeda
Author: Y.H. Kang
Author: C. Kyobutungi
Author: A. Laxmaiah
Author: Y. Li
Author: H.H. Lin
Author: J.J. Miranda
Author: A. Mostafa
Author: M.L. Turley
Author: C.J. Paciorek
Author: M. Gunter
Author: M. Ezzati
Author: Z.A. Abdeen
Author: Z. Abdul Hamid
Author: N.M. Abu-Rmelieh
Author: B. Acosta-Cazares
Author: R. Adams
Author: W. Aekplakorn
Author: C.A. Aguilar-Salinas
Author: A. Ahmadvand
Author: W. Ahrens
Author: M.M. Ali
Author: A. Alkerwi
Author: M. Alvarez-Pedrerol
Author: E. Aly
Author: P. Amouyel
Author: A. Amuzu
Author: L.B. Andersen
Author: S.A. Anderssen
Author: D.S. Andrade
Author: R.M. Anjana
Author: H. Aounallah-Skhiri
Author: I. Ariansen
Author: C. Cooper ORCID iD
Author: C. Fall ORCID iD
Author: C. Osmond ORCID iD
Author: S. Robinson ORCID iD
Corporate Author: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

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