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The terrestrial landscapes of tetrapod evolution in earliest Carboniferous seasonal wetlands of SE Scotland

The terrestrial landscapes of tetrapod evolution in earliest Carboniferous seasonal wetlands of SE Scotland
The terrestrial landscapes of tetrapod evolution in earliest Carboniferous seasonal wetlands of SE Scotland
The Lower Mississippian (Tournaisian) Ballagan Formation in SE Scotland yields tetrapod fossils that provide fresh insights into the critical period when these animals first moved onto land. The key to understanding the palaeoenvironments where they lived is a detailed analysis of the sedimentary architecture of this formation, one of the thickest and most completely documented examples of a coastal floodplain and marginal marine succession from this important transitional time anywhere in the world. Palaeosols are abundant, providing a unique insight into the early Carboniferous habitats and climate.

More than 200 separate palaeosols are described from three sections through the formation. The palaeosols range in thickness from 0.02 to 1.85 m and are diverse: most are Entisols and Inceptisols (63%), indicating relatively brief periods of soil development. Gleyed Inseptisols and Vertisols are less common (37%). Vertisols are the thickest palaeosols (up to 185 cm) in the Ballagan Formation and have common vertic cracks. Roots are abundant through all the palaeosols, from shallow mats and thin hair-like traces to sporadic thicker root traces typical of arborescent lycopods.

Geochemical, isotope and clay mineralogical analyses of the palaeosols indicate a range in soil alkalinity and amount of water logging. Estimates of mean annual rainfall from palaeosol compositions are 1000 –1500 mm per year. The high mean annual rainfall and variable soil alkalinities contrast markedly with dry periods that developed deep penetrating cracks and evaporite deposits. It is concluded that during the early Carboniferous, this region experienced a sharply contrasting seasonal climate and that the floodplain hosted a mosaic of closely juxtaposed but distinct habitats in which the tetrapods lived. The diversification of coastal floodplain environments identified here may link to the evolution and movement of tetrapods into the terrestrial realm.
Paleosol, Tournaisian, terrestrialization, monsoon, palaeoenvironment, floodplain
0031-0182
52-69
Kearsey, Timothy I.
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Bennett, Carys E.
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Millward, David
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Davies, Sarah J.
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Gowing, Charles J.B.
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Kemp, Simon J.
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Leng, Melanie J.
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Marshall, John E.A.
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Browne, Michael A.E.
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Kearsey, Timothy I.
d81e2518-1290-4c61-87ed-e6f0d4b8e7c1
Bennett, Carys E.
e1684f72-df39-4d08-8321-f5d512f66727
Millward, David
c438e99d-66d1-46c9-8caa-00967348c49a
Davies, Sarah J.
9c08e102-7013-4ee4-9076-565ad12235cc
Gowing, Charles J.B.
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Kemp, Simon J.
95311d07-a3e9-4542-8f2e-887562993670
Leng, Melanie J.
71755042-2b5f-44a6-8420-019f13a4a946
Marshall, John E.A.
cba178e3-91aa-49a2-b2ce-4b8d9d870b06
Browne, Michael A.E.
478437e6-837f-498d-876c-3566192b39a6

Kearsey, Timothy I., Bennett, Carys E., Millward, David, Davies, Sarah J., Gowing, Charles J.B., Kemp, Simon J., Leng, Melanie J., Marshall, John E.A. and Browne, Michael A.E. (2016) The terrestrial landscapes of tetrapod evolution in earliest Carboniferous seasonal wetlands of SE Scotland. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 457, 52-69. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.033).

Record type: Article

Abstract

The Lower Mississippian (Tournaisian) Ballagan Formation in SE Scotland yields tetrapod fossils that provide fresh insights into the critical period when these animals first moved onto land. The key to understanding the palaeoenvironments where they lived is a detailed analysis of the sedimentary architecture of this formation, one of the thickest and most completely documented examples of a coastal floodplain and marginal marine succession from this important transitional time anywhere in the world. Palaeosols are abundant, providing a unique insight into the early Carboniferous habitats and climate.

More than 200 separate palaeosols are described from three sections through the formation. The palaeosols range in thickness from 0.02 to 1.85 m and are diverse: most are Entisols and Inceptisols (63%), indicating relatively brief periods of soil development. Gleyed Inseptisols and Vertisols are less common (37%). Vertisols are the thickest palaeosols (up to 185 cm) in the Ballagan Formation and have common vertic cracks. Roots are abundant through all the palaeosols, from shallow mats and thin hair-like traces to sporadic thicker root traces typical of arborescent lycopods.

Geochemical, isotope and clay mineralogical analyses of the palaeosols indicate a range in soil alkalinity and amount of water logging. Estimates of mean annual rainfall from palaeosol compositions are 1000 –1500 mm per year. The high mean annual rainfall and variable soil alkalinities contrast markedly with dry periods that developed deep penetrating cracks and evaporite deposits. It is concluded that during the early Carboniferous, this region experienced a sharply contrasting seasonal climate and that the floodplain hosted a mosaic of closely juxtaposed but distinct habitats in which the tetrapods lived. The diversification of coastal floodplain environments identified here may link to the evolution and movement of tetrapods into the terrestrial realm.

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Accepted/In Press date: 23 May 2016
e-pub ahead of print date: 3 June 2016
Published date: 1 September 2016
Keywords: Paleosol, Tournaisian, terrestrialization, monsoon, palaeoenvironment, floodplain
Organisations: Paleooceanography & Palaeoclimate

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 396462
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/396462
ISSN: 0031-0182
PURE UUID: 28186d6f-e88b-4db9-8c49-fbb8ec1d78ec
ORCID for John E.A. Marshall: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-3646

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Date deposited: 06 Jun 2016 13:35
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 05:38

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Contributors

Author: Timothy I. Kearsey
Author: Carys E. Bennett
Author: David Millward
Author: Sarah J. Davies
Author: Charles J.B. Gowing
Author: Simon J. Kemp
Author: Melanie J. Leng
Author: Michael A.E. Browne

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