Livelihood diversification: the role of charcoal production in southern Malawi
Livelihood diversification: the role of charcoal production in southern Malawi
Growing urban populations in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing demand for charcoal. This paper presents a detailed case study of three communities supplying charcoal to Zomba, a medium-sized city in Southern Malawi. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to structure our analysis, we examine individuals' motivations for producing charcoal, assess the seasonality of charcoal production, how livelihood outcomes vary between men and women, and identify sources of vulnerability for charcoal producer livelihoods. Drawing on data from four focus group exercises in each community and a total of 42 semi-structured interviews, we identify direct (e.g. financial) and indirect (e.g. strengthening of social networks, improved access to goods and services, opportunities for livelihood diversification) benefits that contribute to reducing producers' vulnerability to financial insecurity and improve their livelihoods. Irrespective of the benefits obtained and the actions (e.g. prioritising charcoal production over farming) of producers, participants did not perceive charcoal production as a desirable activity because the work was illegal, stigmatised hard and dangerous. Producers' primary motivations for engaging in production were to provide income to meet one-off purchases of expensive items, respond to an income shock, or to meet recurrent seasonal needs. Under certain conditions women were more dependent on income from charcoal production than men, as they had fewer alternative income generating options available to them. There was no reported management of charcoal resources in the study area, therefore the environmental sustainability of charcoal production and its associated benefits are uncertain. Malawi's current de facto charcoal ban leads to enforcement activities that exacerbate livelihood risks and increase producers' vulnerability to income insecurity.
22-36
Smith, Harriet
fb9c1cad-fa68-437d-a8a8-9e56b3fdf0b3
Hudson, Malcolm
1ae18506-6f2a-48af-8c72-83ab28679f55
Schreckenberg, Kate
d3fa344b-bf0d-4358-b12a-5547968f8a77
February 2017
Smith, Harriet
fb9c1cad-fa68-437d-a8a8-9e56b3fdf0b3
Hudson, Malcolm
1ae18506-6f2a-48af-8c72-83ab28679f55
Schreckenberg, Kate
d3fa344b-bf0d-4358-b12a-5547968f8a77
Smith, Harriet, Hudson, Malcolm and Schreckenberg, Kate
(2017)
Livelihood diversification: the role of charcoal production in southern Malawi.
Energy for Sustainable Development, 36, .
(doi:10.1016/j.esd.2016.10.001).
Abstract
Growing urban populations in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing demand for charcoal. This paper presents a detailed case study of three communities supplying charcoal to Zomba, a medium-sized city in Southern Malawi. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to structure our analysis, we examine individuals' motivations for producing charcoal, assess the seasonality of charcoal production, how livelihood outcomes vary between men and women, and identify sources of vulnerability for charcoal producer livelihoods. Drawing on data from four focus group exercises in each community and a total of 42 semi-structured interviews, we identify direct (e.g. financial) and indirect (e.g. strengthening of social networks, improved access to goods and services, opportunities for livelihood diversification) benefits that contribute to reducing producers' vulnerability to financial insecurity and improve their livelihoods. Irrespective of the benefits obtained and the actions (e.g. prioritising charcoal production over farming) of producers, participants did not perceive charcoal production as a desirable activity because the work was illegal, stigmatised hard and dangerous. Producers' primary motivations for engaging in production were to provide income to meet one-off purchases of expensive items, respond to an income shock, or to meet recurrent seasonal needs. Under certain conditions women were more dependent on income from charcoal production than men, as they had fewer alternative income generating options available to them. There was no reported management of charcoal resources in the study area, therefore the environmental sustainability of charcoal production and its associated benefits are uncertain. Malawi's current de facto charcoal ban leads to enforcement activities that exacerbate livelihood risks and increase producers' vulnerability to income insecurity.
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Smith et al 2016 Livelihood diversification and charcoal.pdf
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Accepted/In Press date: 7 October 2016
e-pub ahead of print date: 12 November 2016
Published date: February 2017
Organisations:
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment
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Local EPrints ID: 402951
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/402951
ISSN: 0973-0826
PURE UUID: af92b257-91aa-4d06-b589-e5cfa2a52a56
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Date deposited: 18 Nov 2016 16:26
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 03:29
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Author:
Harriet Smith
Author:
Kate Schreckenberg
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