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Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity

Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of the obese state, and adipose tissue releases many inflammatory mediators. The source of these mediators within adipose tissue is not clear, but infiltrating macrophages seem to be especially important, although adipocytes themselves play a role. Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers than lean people do, and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss. In the hours following the consumption of a meal, there is an elevation in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream, which is exaggerated in obese subjects and in type 2 diabetics. Both high-glucose and high-fat meals may induce postprandial inflammation, and this is exaggerated by a high meal content of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and partly ablated by inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal. Healthy eating patterns are associated with lower circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Among the components of a healthy diet, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all associated with lower inflammation. AGE are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, while PUFA, especially long-chain n-3 PUFA, are anti-inflammatory. Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation. Vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Potential mechanisms are described and research gaps, which limit our understanding of the interaction between diet and postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, are identified.
inflammation, cytokines, adipose, obesity, diet
0007-1145
S1-S78
Calder, Philip C.
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Ahluwalia, Namanjeet
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Brouns, Fred
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Buetler, Timo
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Clement, Karine
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Cunningham, Karen
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Esposito, Katherine
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Jonsson, Lena S.
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Kolb, Hubert
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Lansink, Mirian
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Marcos, Ascension
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Margioris, Andrew
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Matusheski, Nathan
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Nordmann, Herve
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O’Brien, John
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Pugliese, Giuseppe
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Rizkalla, Salwa
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Schalkwijk, Casper
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Tuomilehto, Jaakko
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Warnberg, Julia
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Watzl, Bernhard
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Winklhofer-Roob, Brigitte M.
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Calder, Philip C.
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Ahluwalia, Namanjeet
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Brouns, Fred
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Buetler, Timo
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Clement, Karine
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Cunningham, Karen
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Esposito, Katherine
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Jonsson, Lena S.
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Kolb, Hubert
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Lansink, Mirian
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Marcos, Ascension
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Margioris, Andrew
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Matusheski, Nathan
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Nordmann, Herve
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O’Brien, John
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Pugliese, Giuseppe
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Rizkalla, Salwa
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Schalkwijk, Casper
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Tuomilehto, Jaakko
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Warnberg, Julia
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Watzl, Bernhard
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Winklhofer-Roob, Brigitte M.
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Calder, Philip C., Ahluwalia, Namanjeet, Brouns, Fred, Buetler, Timo, Clement, Karine, Cunningham, Karen, Esposito, Katherine, Jonsson, Lena S., Kolb, Hubert, Lansink, Mirian, Marcos, Ascension, Margioris, Andrew, Matusheski, Nathan, Nordmann, Herve, O’Brien, John, Pugliese, Giuseppe, Rizkalla, Salwa, Schalkwijk, Casper, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Warnberg, Julia, Watzl, Bernhard and Winklhofer-Roob, Brigitte M. (2011) Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 106, supplement 3, S1-S78. (doi:10.1017/S0007114511005460). (PMID:22133051)

Record type: Article

Abstract

Low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of the obese state, and adipose tissue releases many inflammatory mediators. The source of these mediators within adipose tissue is not clear, but infiltrating macrophages seem to be especially important, although adipocytes themselves play a role. Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers than lean people do, and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss. In the hours following the consumption of a meal, there is an elevation in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream, which is exaggerated in obese subjects and in type 2 diabetics. Both high-glucose and high-fat meals may induce postprandial inflammation, and this is exaggerated by a high meal content of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and partly ablated by inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal. Healthy eating patterns are associated with lower circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Among the components of a healthy diet, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all associated with lower inflammation. AGE are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, while PUFA, especially long-chain n-3 PUFA, are anti-inflammatory. Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation. Vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Potential mechanisms are described and research gaps, which limit our understanding of the interaction between diet and postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, are identified.

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More information

Published date: December 2011
Keywords: inflammation, cytokines, adipose, obesity, diet
Organisations: Human Development & Health

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 337203
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/337203
ISSN: 0007-1145
PURE UUID: 0d166fce-9e5d-4af4-87f9-5b61ae379d09
ORCID for Philip C. Calder: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-710X

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Date deposited: 20 Apr 2012 12:56
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 02:50

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Contributors

Author: Namanjeet Ahluwalia
Author: Fred Brouns
Author: Timo Buetler
Author: Karine Clement
Author: Karen Cunningham
Author: Katherine Esposito
Author: Lena S. Jonsson
Author: Hubert Kolb
Author: Mirian Lansink
Author: Ascension Marcos
Author: Andrew Margioris
Author: Nathan Matusheski
Author: Herve Nordmann
Author: John O’Brien
Author: Giuseppe Pugliese
Author: Salwa Rizkalla
Author: Casper Schalkwijk
Author: Jaakko Tuomilehto
Author: Julia Warnberg
Author: Bernhard Watzl
Author: Brigitte M. Winklhofer-Roob

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