relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350313/ title: Report of the 7th Session of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 12-14 July 2010, Perth, Australia publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2013-03-21 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350313/1/ICPO_%2520186-%25207th%2520Session%2520of%2520IOP.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2013) Report of the 7th Session of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 12-14 July 2010, Perth, Australia (ICPO Publication Series, 186) Southampton, GB. International CLIVAR Project Office 7pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350314/ title: Report of the 8th Session of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 25-­26 July 2011, Chennai, India publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2013-03-21 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350314/1/ICPO_187_report%2520of%25208%2520IOP%2520meeting%2520.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2013) Report of the 8th Session of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 25-­26 July 2011, Chennai, India (ICPO Publication Series, 187) Southampton, GB. International CLIVAR Project Office 10pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64706/ title: Report of the 5th Meeting of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 12-14 May 2008, Bali, Indonesia publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2009-01 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64706/1/135_IOP5.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2009) Report of the 5th Meeting of the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 12-14 May 2008, Bali, Indonesia (ICPO Publication Series, 135) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 28pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/49085/ title: Report of the 4th Meeting of the Indian Ocean Panel (IOP) publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2007-10 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/49085/1/Microsoft_Word_-_123_IOP4.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2007) Report of the 4th Meeting of the Indian Ocean Panel (IOP) (ICPO Publication Series, 123) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 33pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41827/ title: Report of the Third Meeting of the CLIVAR-GOOS Indian Ocean Panel, February 27 - March 2 2006, Honolulu, USA publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2006-08 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41827/1/107_IOP3.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2006) Report of the Third Meeting of the CLIVAR-GOOS Indian Ocean Panel, February 27 - March 2 2006, Honolulu, USA (ICPO Publication Series, 107) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 32pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/20357/ title: Understanding the role of the Indian Ocean in the climate system - Implementation Plan for sustained observations publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2006-01 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/20357/1/IOP_Impl_Plan.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2006) Understanding the role of the Indian Ocean in the climate system - Implementation Plan for sustained observations (ICPO Publication Series, 100) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 76pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/18761/ title: Report of the Second CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel Meeting, 30 March - 2 April 2005, CSIRO, Hobart, Australia publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2005 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/18761/1/icpo_pub_92.pdf identifier: International CLIVAR Project Office (2005) Report of the Second CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel Meeting, 30 March - 2 April 2005, CSIRO, Hobart, Australia (ICPO Publication Series, 92) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 22pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/456163/ title: Ostracod response to monsoon and OMZ variability over the past 1.2 Myr creator: Alvarez Zarikian, Carlos A. creator: Nadiri, Chimnaz creator: Alonso-garcía, Montserrat creator: Rodrigues, Teresa creator: Huang, Huai-hsuan M. creator: Lindhorst, Sebastian creator: Kunkelova, Tereza creator: Kroon, Dick creator: Betzler, Christian creator: Yasuhara, Moriaki description:

We present the first continuous middle through late Pleistocene record of fossil ostracods from the Maldives in the northern Indian Ocean, derived from sediment cores taken at Site U1467 by Expedition 359 of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). Site U1467 lies at 487 m water depth in the Inner Sea of the Maldives archipelago, an ideal place for studying the effects of the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) system on primary productivity, intermediate depth ocean circulation, and the regional oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The Inner Sea acts as a natural sediment trap that has undergone continuous sedimentation for millions of years with minor terrestrial influence. Our record spans from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 35 to the present, covering the mid-Pleistocene transition (1.2–0.6 Ma) and the Mid-Brunhes Event (MBE, at ~480 ka) the time when ice age cycles transitioned from occurring every 40,000 years to 100,000 years. The ostracod data is interpreted alongside the existing datasets from the same site of sedimentological (grain-size) and XRF-elemental analyses, and new organic biomarker data also from Site U1467. These datasets support the paleoenvironmental interpretation of the ostracod assemblages. Ostracods are abundant and diverse, displaying a prominent change in faunal composition at the MBE related to the increase in the amplitude of glacial-interglacial cycles, which deeply affected the monsoon system and thereby the past oceanographic conditions of the Maldives Inner Sea. Furthermore, ostracods exhibit distinctly different assemblages across glacial-interglacial cycles, particularly after the MBE, and these changes convincingly correspond to variability of the OMZ. Glacial periods are characterized by ostracod indicators of well‑oxygenated bottom water due to the intensification of the winter monsoon and the contraction of the OMZ. Abundant psychrospheric ostracods during glacials suggests that a southern sourced water mass, such as Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and/or Subantarctic Mode water, bathed the Maldives Inner Sea during glacial periods. In contrast, interglacial stages are characterized by ostracod species and biomarker data that indicate low-oxygen conditions and sluggish bottom water circulation pointing to an expansion of the regional OMZ due to the strengthening of the summer monsoon. Our results highlight the sensitivity of ostracods to oceanographic and climate variability.

date: 2022-06 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_nc_nd_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/456163/1/Ostracod_response_to_monsoon_and_OMZ_variability_over_the_past_1.2_Myr.pdf identifier: Alvarez Zarikian, Carlos A., Nadiri, Chimnaz, Alonso-garcía, Montserrat, Rodrigues, Teresa, Huang, Huai-hsuan M., Lindhorst, Sebastian, Kunkelova, Tereza, Kroon, Dick, Betzler, Christian and Yasuhara, Moriaki (2022) Ostracod response to monsoon and OMZ variability over the past 1.2 Myr. Marine Micropaleontology, 174, 1-19, [102105]. (doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2022.102105 ). relation: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2022.102105 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/48877/ title: Integrated geophysical studies in the East-Indian geothermal province creator: Baranwal, V.C. creator: Sharma, S.P. description: Integrated geophysical surveys using vertical electrical sounding (VES), very low frequency (VLF) EM, radiation counting, total magnetic field and self-potential (SP) measurements are carried out to characterize the geothermal area around a hot spring in the Nayagarh district, Orissa, India that lies in the East Indian geothermal province. The study was performed to delineate the fracture pattern, contaminated groundwater movement and possible heating source. VES interpretations suggest a three- to four-layer structure in the area. Resistivity survey near the hot spring suggests that weathered and fractured formations constitute the main aquifer system and extend to 60 m depth. Current flow measured at various electrode separations normalized by the applied voltage suggests that fractures extend to a greater depth. Detailed VLF study shows that fractures extend beyond 70 m depth. VLF anomaly has also very good correlation with the total magnetic field measured along the same profiles. Study results suggest that a gridded pattern of VLF survey could map the underground conductive fracture zones that can identify the movement of contaminated groundwater flow. Therefore, precautionary measures can be taken to check further contamination by delineating subsurface conducting structures. Self potential (SP) measured over the hot spring does not show a large anomaly in favor of the presence of a sulphide mineral body. A small positive (5–15mV) SP anomaly is measured which may be streaming potential due to subsurface fluid flow. A high radiation is measured about four kilometers from the hot spring, suggesting possible radiogenic heating. However, the exact nature of the heating source and its depth is not known in the area. Deep resistivity followed by a magneto-telluric survey could reveal the deeper structures. date: 2006-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Baranwal, V.C. and Sharma, S.P. (2006) Integrated geophysical studies in the East-Indian geothermal province. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 163 (1), 209-227. (doi:10.1007/s00024-005-0001-2 ). relation: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f642817710w7w1w6/?p=6dbc86c1aa234b35a0cf1359cad56d67&pi=9 relation: 10.1007/s00024-005-0001-2 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/444444/ title: Coupled evolution of temperature and carbonate chemistry during the Paleocene–Eocene; new trace element records from the low latitude Indian Ocean creator: Barnet, James S.k. creator: Harper, Dustin T. creator: Levay, Leah J. creator: Edgar, Kirsty M. creator: Henehan, Michael J. creator: Babila, Tali L. creator: Ullmann, Clemens V. creator: Leng, Melanie J. creator: Kroon, Dick creator: Zachos, James C. creator: Littler, Kate description:

The early Paleogene represents the most recent interval in Earth's history characterized by global greenhouse warmth on multi-million year timescales, yet our understanding of long-term climate and carbon cycle evolution in the low latitudes, and in particular the Indian Ocean, remains very poorly constrained. Here we present the first long-term sub-eccentricity-resolution stable isotope (δ 13C and δ 18O) and trace element (Mg/Ca and B/Ca) records spanning the late Paleocene–early Eocene (∼58–53 Ma) across a surface–deep hydrographic reconstruction of the northern Indian Ocean, resolving late Paleocene 405-kyr paced cyclicity and a portion of the PETM recovery. Our new records reveal a long-term warming of ∼4–5 °C at all depths in the water column, with absolute surface ocean temperatures and magnitudes of warming comparable to the low latitude Pacific. As a result of warming, we observe a long-term increase in δ 18O sw of the mixed layer, implying an increase in net evaporation. We also observe a collapse in the temperature gradient between mixed layer- and thermocline-dwelling species from ∼57–54 Ma, potentially due to either the development of a more homogeneous water column with a thicker mixed layer, or depth migration of the Morozovella in response to warming. Synchronous warming at both low and high latitudes, along with decreasing B/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera indicating a decrease in ocean pH and/or increasing dissolved inorganic carbon, suggest that global climate was forced by rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations during this time.

date: 2020-09-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/444444/1/1_s2.0_S0012821X20303587_main.pdf identifier: Barnet, James S.k., Harper, Dustin T., Levay, Leah J., Edgar, Kirsty M., Henehan, Michael J., Babila, Tali L., Ullmann, Clemens V., Leng, Melanie J., Kroon, Dick, Zachos, James C. and Littler, Kate (2020) Coupled evolution of temperature and carbonate chemistry during the Paleocene–Eocene; new trace element records from the low latitude Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 545, [116414]. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116414 ). relation: 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116414 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358267/ title: Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO2 gas exchange creator: Bates, Nicholas R. creator: Pequignet, A. Christine creator: Sabine, Christopher L. description: The spatiotemporal variability of upper ocean inorganic carbon parameters and air-sea CO2 exchange in the Indian Ocean was examined using inorganic carbon data collected as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises in 1995. Multiple linear regression methods were used to interpolate and extrapolate the temporally and geographically limited inorganic carbon data set to the entire Indian Ocean basin using other climatological hydrographic and biogeochemical data. The spatiotemporal distributions of total carbon dioxide (TCO2), alkalinity, and seawater pCO2 were evaluated for the Indian Ocean and regions of interest including the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10°N–35°S zones. The Indian Ocean was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and a net sea-to-air CO2 flux of +237 ± 132 Tg C yr?1 (+0.24 Pg C yr?1) was estimated. Regionally, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10°N–10°S zones were perennial sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. In the 10°S–35°S zone, the CO2 sink or source status of the surface ocean shifts seasonally, although the region is a net oceanic sink of atmospheric CO2. date: 2006-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Bates, Nicholas R., Pequignet, A. Christine and Sabine, Christopher L. (2006) Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO2 gas exchange. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20 (3), GB3020. (doi:10.1029/2005GB002491 ). relation: 10.1029/2005GB002491 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14403/ title: RRS "Charles Darwin" Cruise 145, 12 Mar - 09 Apr 2003. Benthic ecology and biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin creator: Bett, B.J. description: RRS Charles Darwin cruise 145 forms part of a larger programme of research (“Benthic processes in the Arabian Sea: interrelationships between benthos, sediment, biogeochemistry and organic matter cycling”, NER/A/S/2000/01280), focusing on the benthic biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin, that includes four cruises in total (CD145, 146, 150 and 151). The primary objectives of the present cruise were: a) to establish a series of some five sites on a transect spanning the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone as it impinges on the seabed at the Pakistan Margin; b) to assess the chemical oceanography of the water column overlying these sites, through CTD sensor profiles and chemical determinations on water bottle samples from both the CTD and BBLS; c) to provide a general characterization of the seabed in the area of these sites using acoustic remote sensing (EM12 and 3.5 kHz ) and seabed imagery (WASP ); d) to initiate a programme of detailed seabed sampling at these sites to determine a suite of biological, chemical and biogeochemical parameters using a range of coring devices (multicorer, Megacorer, box corer); and e) to assess and sample the megabenthos of these sites by the combined use of trawling (Agassiz trawl) and seabed photography (WASP).

Despite being beset by a number of difficulties, this was a very successful cruise that very largely achieved its planned objectives: 1) A series of five sites on a transect spanning the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone were established in the Pakistan Margin work area, with a sixth deep-water site also successfully studied; 2) CTD sensor profiles and chemical determinations on water bottle samples from both the CTD and BBLS were successfully undertaken at all six sites; 3) A substantial tranche of EM12 swath bathymetric mapping, and supporting 3.5 kHz seabed profiling, was achieved in the Pakistan Margin work area; 4) An extensive coring programme, delivering a wealth of samples, was successfully carried out at all six sites.; and 5) Good quality seabed imagery was obtained with the WASP system at all six primary sites and a further six additional sites. Supporting work with the trawl was also undertaken at five of the six study depths and additional depths in the lower boundary of the oxygen minimum zone where rapid changes in the composition of the megabenthic fauna appears to occur. In summary, this cruise laid a firm foundation on which forthcoming cruises (see CD146, 150 and 151) will build. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2004 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14403/1/soccr050.pdf identifier: Bett, B.J. (2004) RRS "Charles Darwin" Cruise 145, 12 Mar - 09 Apr 2003. Benthic ecology and biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin (Southampton Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 50) Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 161pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14404/ title: RRS "Charles Darwin" Cruise 150, 22 Aug - 15 Sep 2003. Benthic ecology and biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin creator: Bett, B.J. description: RRS Charles Darwin cruise 150 forms part of a larger programme of research (“Benthic processes in the Arabian Sea: interrelationships between benthos, sediment, biogeochemistry and organic matter cycling”, NER/A/S/2000/01280), focusing on the benthic biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin, that includes four cruises in total (CD145, 146, 150 and 151). The primary objectives of the present cruise were: a) to revisit a series of five previously established study sites (A140, A300, A950, A1200 and A1850) spanning the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) as it impinges on the seabed at the Pakistan Margin; b) to assess the chemical oceanography of the water column overlying these sites, through CTD sensor profiles and chemical determinations on water bottle samples from both the CTD and BBLS; c) to initiate a programme of detailed seabed sampling at these sites to determine a suite of biological, chemical and biogeochemical parameters using a Megacorer and a multicorer; d) to assess and sample the megabenthos of these sites by the combined use of trawling (Agassiz trawl) and seabed photography (WASP); e) as possible, to carry out similar operations at a site located at a depth between A300 and A950; f) as possible, to provide additional general characterization of the seabed in the area of these sites using acoustic remote sensing (EM12 and 3.5 kHz ) and seabed imagery (WASP ).

The cruise successfully achieved all of the planned objectives. The effort of assessing the science of the cruise will take many months of work ashore. Of those parameters that could be initially assessed onboard there was little indication of major change between cruises 145 and 150, other than in the OMZ itself. Minimum oxygen values encountered during cruise 145 were around 400m, but during the present cruise were in the 150-200m range. If a value of 0.5 ml/l is used as a boundary, then it had shallowed from c. 180m (CD145) to c. 80m (CD150). There also appeared to be some elevation of the lower boundary of the OMZ, although this was less marked. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2004 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14404/1/soccr051.pdf identifier: Bett, B.J. (2004) RRS "Charles Darwin" Cruise 150, 22 Aug - 15 Sep 2003. Benthic ecology and biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin (Southampton Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 51) Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 144pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/476111/ title: Cultural expectations and gendered roles: identity formations in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland creator: Bhattacharya, Damini description: Individual identities are not only a summation of one’s unique choices and experiences, but are also influenced by the culture, society and politics of the place in which individuals feel a sense of belonging or of the place where, on the contrary, they experience a disruption of the self. For a diasporic subject, the experiences in the home country and the country to which they’ve relocated create a binary identitary self, one that develops in the space that opens between the familiar feelings of belonging and the newfound sense of alienation. Within that space the immigrant resides in a transnational and global context that does not fully incorporate either place. Gauri, the protagonist in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland, attempts to forsake her Indianness, but her new experiences and her determination to do away with the cultural signifiers of her traditional Indian upbringing provoke a synthesis, one that integrates fragments of the new, envisioned identity with remnants of a past identity that is very much alive in her unconscious. By analysing these fragments and remnants, the paper identifies patriarchy, sexuality, sexism, racism and conflicting ideas of motherhood and family as factors being negotiated by the protagonist as she contrives frames of reference for her new identity. date: 2022-12-31 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: other identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/476111/1/10.22492.ijah.9.2.05.pdf identifier: Bhattacharya, Damini (2022) Cultural expectations and gendered roles: identity formations in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland. IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities, 9 (2), 47-57. (doi:10.22492/ijah.9.2.05 ). relation: 10.22492/ijah.9.2.05 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/189823/ title: ‘Education makes you have more say in the way your life goes’: Indian women and arranged marriages in the UK creator: Bhopal, Kalwant description: This paper explores Indian women’s views on arranged marriages in the UK. It is based on research carried out with 32 Indian women studying at a university in the South East of England, UK. The article draws on Wenger’s (1998) social theory of learning to explore how Indian women’s participation in communities of practice in higher education contributes to their participation in arranged marriages. The concept of ‘social capital’ (Bourdieu, 1986) is used to discuss how women are able to negotiate their participation in arranged marriages, It is used to examine the knowledge and identity resources that women develop through their participation in higher education which provides them with the means from which to develop the necessary ‘bridging ties’ (Putnam, 1999) leading to their active participation in the wider South Asian community.

date: 2011-06 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Bhopal, Kalwant (2011) ‘Education makes you have more say in the way your life goes’: Indian women and arranged marriages in the UK. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 32 (3), 431-437. (doi:10.1080/01425692.2011.559342 ). relation: 10.1080/01425692.2011.559342 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/354201/ title: The reproductive ecology of deep-sea ophiuroids around the Crozet plateau, Southern Indian ocean, under contrasting productivity regimes creator: Billett, D.S.M. creator: Bett, B.J. creator: Evans, R. creator: Cross, I. creator: Tyler, P.A. creator: Wolff, G.A. description: The reproductive characteristics of six ophiuroid species, Ophiura irrorata loveni, Ophiura lienosa, Amphioplus daleus, Ophiacantha cosmica, Ophiernus quadrispinus and Ophioplexa condita, were studied at two localities in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean. The two localities were notable in having almost identical environmental characteristics other than major differences in surface-water primary productivity and organic matter flux. The two localities were only 460 km apart. Three species were sufficiently abundant at the two sites to compare their reproductive biology under different productivity regimes. Ophiura irrorata loveni showed significant differences in oocyte size distributions and population size distributions between the two sites. The differences appeared to be related to the characteristics of organic matter flux at the two localities. Ophiacantha cosmica and Ophioplexa condita showed differences in abundance between the two sites. This appeared to be related to the availability of suitable substrata. date: 2013-08 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Billett, D.S.M., Bett, B.J., Evans, R., Cross, I., Tyler, P.A. and Wolff, G.A. (2013) The reproductive ecology of deep-sea ophiuroids around the Crozet plateau, Southern Indian ocean, under contrasting productivity regimes. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 92, 18-26. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.002 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.002 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359541/ title: A 500,000 year record of Indian summer monsoon dynamics recorded by eastern equatorial Indian Ocean upper water-column structure creator: Bolton, Clara T. creator: Chang, Liao creator: Clemens, Steven C. creator: Kodama, Kazuto creator: Ikehara, Minoru creator: Medina-Elizalde, Martin creator: Paterson, Greig A. creator: Roberts, Andrew P. creator: Rohling, Eelco J. creator: Yamamoto, Yuhji creator: Zhao, Xiang description: The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is an inter-hemispheric and highly variable ocean–atmosphere–land interaction that directly affects the densely populated Indian subcontinent. Here, we present new records of palaeoceanographic variability that span the last 500,000 years from the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, a relatively under-sampled area of ISM influence. We have generated carbon and oxygen stable isotope records from three foraminiferal species from Ocean Drilling Program Site 758 (5°N, 90°E) to investigate the oceanographic history of this region. We interpret our resultant ??18O (surface-thermocline) record of upper water-column stratification in the context of past ISM variability, and compare orbital phase relationships in our Site 758 data to other climate and monsoon proxies in the region. Results suggest that upper water-column stratification at Site 758, which is dominated by variance at precession and half-precession frequencies (23, 19 and 11 ka), is forced by both local (5°N) insolation and ISM winds. In the precession (23 ka) band, stratification minima at Site 758 lag northern hemisphere summer insolation maxima (precession minima) by 9 ka, which is consistent with Arabian Sea ISM phase estimates and suggests a common wind forcing in both regions. This phase implicates a strong sensitivity to both ice volume and southern hemisphere insolation forcing via latent heat export from the southern subtropical Indian Ocean. Additionally, we find evidence of possible overprinting of millennial-scale events during glacial terminations in our stratification record, which suggests an influence of remote abrupt climate events on ISM dynamics. date: 2013-10 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Bolton, Clara T., Chang, Liao, Clemens, Steven C., Kodama, Kazuto, Ikehara, Minoru, Medina-Elizalde, Martin, Paterson, Greig A., Roberts, Andrew P., Rohling, Eelco J., Yamamoto, Yuhji and Zhao, Xiang (2013) A 500,000 year record of Indian summer monsoon dynamics recorded by eastern equatorial Indian Ocean upper water-column structure. Quaternary Science Reviews, 77, 167-180. (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.031 ). relation: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.031 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/338393/ title: Inter-annual variability and longer-term changes in the wave climate of Western Australia between 1970 and 2009 creator: Bosserelle, Cyprien creator: Pattiaratchi, Charitha creator: Haigh, Ivan description: Quantifying the long-term variability in wave conditions incident on a coastline is critical for predicting its resilience to future changes in the wave climate. In this study, a 40-year wave hindcast of the southern Indian Ocean has been created to assess the inter-annual variability and longer-term changes in the wave climate around Western Australia (WA) between 1970 and 2009. The model was validated against measurements from five wave buoys located along the WA coast. Changes in the mean annual significant wave height, 90th percentile wave height, peak period and mean wave direction were assessed, and the tracks of all wave events generating wave heights above 7 m were digitised and analysed for significant changes. Results show strong annual and inter-annual variability in the mean significant wave height, the 90th percentile wave height and the number of large events (wave height?>?7 m) that impact the WA coastline. A significant positive trend in annual mean wave height was found in the southwest region of WA over the 40-year simulation. This appears to be due to an increase in intensity of the storm belt in the Southern Ocean which is associated with an increasing positive polarity in the Southern Annular Mode. However, no significant trends were found in the 90th percentile wave height or the number of large wave events impacting Western Australia. Although the number of large wave events in the southern Indian Ocean have increased, their potential to impact the coastal regions of Western Australia are reduced due to storm tracks being located further south, therefore balancing the number of large wave events reaching the WA coast. date: 2012 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Bosserelle, Cyprien, Pattiaratchi, Charitha and Haigh, Ivan (2012) Inter-annual variability and longer-term changes in the wave climate of Western Australia between 1970 and 2009. Ocean Dynamics, 62 (1), 63-76. (doi:10.1007/s10236-011-0487-3 ). relation: 10.1007/s10236-011-0487-3 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/293/ title: RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 139, 01 Mar-15 Apr 2002. Trans-Indian Hydrographic Section across 32°S creator: Bryden, H.L. description: A modern hydrographic section was made across the Indian Ocean at a latitude of about 32°S during a 46-day voyage from Durban to Fremantle aboard RRS Charles Darwin in March-April 2002. The principal goal of this work was to measure the flows of mass, heat, freshwater, inorganic and organic nutrients, and carbon dioxide across the southern boundary of the Indian Ocean in order to determine the meridional overturning circulation for the Indian Ocean, to define the heat, freshwater, nutrient
and carbon transports across 32°S, and to produce overall physical and biogeochemical budgets for the Indian Ocean. A second goal was to examine the climate variability in ocean circulation from comparisons of these new measurements with previous surveys in 1936, 1965, 1987 and 1995. A total of 146 hydrographic stations were made along this transoceanic section. At each station an instrument package consisting principally of a CTD, 3 Lowered ADCP's and 24 10-litre sampling bottles was lowered from the surface down to the ocean bottom to measure temperature, salinity, oxygen and eastward and northward current profiles throughout the water column. On the way back to the surface, 24 water samples were collected at various depths and these samples were analysed on board ship for salinity and oxygen (to calibrate the continuous electronic profiles), for inorganic
nutrients, constituents of the carbon system, and chlorofluorocarbons. Samples were also collected and stored for later, shore-based analyses of helium, tritium, and organic nutrients. Throughout the cruise velocity data in the upper few hundred meters of the water column were provided by an ADCP mounted in the ship's hull, meteorological variables were monitored and samples of air and rainfall were periodically collected. In addition, 25 Argo floats were launched along the section to provide continuing profiles over the next 5 years. This report describes the methods used to acquire and process the measurements on board ship during the cruise. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2003 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/293/1/SOCCR045.pdf identifier: Bryden, H.L. (2003) RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 139, 01 Mar-15 Apr 2002. Trans-Indian Hydrographic Section across 32°S (Southampton Oceanography Centre Cruise Report 45) Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 122pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/8001/ title: Role of the Agulhas Current in Indian Ocean circulation and associated heat and freshwater fluxes creator: Bryden, H.L. creator: Beal, L.M. description: A reduced estimate of Agulhas Current transport provides the motivation to examine the sensitivity of Indian Ocean circulation and meridional heat transport to the strength of the western boundary current. The new transport estimate is 70 Sv, much smaller than the previous value of 85 Sv. Consideration of three case studies for a large, medium and small Agulhas Current transport demonstrate that the divergence of heat transport over the Indian Ocean north of 32°S has a sensitivity of 0.08 PW per 10 Sv of Agulhas transport, and freshwater convergence has a sensitivity of 0.03×109 kg s?1 per 10 Sv of transport. Moreover, a smaller Agulhas Current leads to a better silica balance and a smaller meridional overturning circulation for the Indian Ocean. The mean Agulhas Current transport estimated from time-series current meter measurements is used to constrain the geostrophic transport in the western boundary region in order to re-evaluate the circulation, heat and freshwater transports across 32°S. The Indonesian Throughflow is taken to be 12 Sv at an average temperature of 18°C. The constrained circulation exhibits a vertical–meridional circulation with a net northward flow below 2000 dbar of 10.1 Sv. The heat transport divergence is estimated to be 0.66 PW, the freshwater convergence to be 0.54×109 kg s?1, and the silica convergence to be 335 kmol s?1. Meridional transports are separated into barotropic, baroclinic and horizontal components, with each component conserving mass. The barotropic component is strongly dependent on the estimated size of the Indonesian Throughflow. Surprisingly, the baroclinic component depends principally on the large-scale density distribution and is nearly invariant to the size of the overturning circulation. The horizontal heat and freshwater flux components are strongly influenced by the size of the Agulhas Current because it is warmer and saltier than the mid-ocean. The horizontal fluxes of heat and salt penetrate down to 1500 m depth, suggesting that warm and salty Red Sea Water may be involved in converting the intermediate and upper deep waters which enter the Indian Ocean from the Southern Ocean into warmer and saltier waters before they exit in the Agulhas Current. date: 2001 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Bryden, H.L. and Beal, L.M. (2001) Role of the Agulhas Current in Indian Ocean circulation and associated heat and freshwater fluxes. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48 (8), 1821-1845. (doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00111-4 ). relation: 10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00111-4 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42021/ title: CLIVAR Exchanges - Indian Ocean Climate publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office contributor: Cattle, H. date: 2006-10 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42021/1/Exchanges39_draft.pdf identifier: Cattle, H. (ed.) , International CLIVAR Project Office (2006) CLIVAR Exchanges - Indian Ocean Climate (CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 39 (Vol. 11(4)) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office 32pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/385650/ title: Low connectivity between ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Mollusca: Peltospiridae) populations at hydrothermal vents on the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge creator: Chen, Chong creator: Copley, Jonathan T. creator: Linse, Katrin creator: Rogers, Alex D. description: Hydrothermal vents on mid-oceanic ridges are patchily distributed and host many taxa endemic to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments, whose dispersal may be constrained by geographical barriers. The aim of this study was to investigate the connectivity of three populations of the ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Chrysomallon squamiferum Chen et al., 2015), a species endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, amongst two vent fields on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and Longqi field, the first sampled vent field on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Connectivity and population structure across the two mid-oceanic ridges were investigated using a 489-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene. Phylogeographical approaches used include measures of genetic differentiation (F ST), reconstruction of parsimony haplotype network, mismatch analyses and neutrality tests. Relative migrants per generation were estimated between the fields. Significant differentiation (F ST?=?0.28–0.29, P?<?0.001) was revealed between the vent field in SWIR and the two in CIR. Signatures were detected indicating recent bottleneck events followed by demographic expansion in all populations. Estimates of relative number of migrants were relatively low between the SWIR and CIR, compared with values between the CIR vent fields. The present study is the first to investigate connectivity between hydrothermal vents across two mid-ocean ridges in the Indian Ocean. The phylogeography revealed for C. squamiferum indicates low connectivity between SWIR and CIR vent populations, with implications for the future management of environmental impacts for seafloor mining at hydrothermal vents in the region, as proposed for Longqi. date: 2015-12 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Chen, Chong, Copley, Jonathan T., Linse, Katrin and Rogers, Alex D. (2015) Low connectivity between ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Mollusca: Peltospiridae) populations at hydrothermal vents on the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15 (4), 663-670. (doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0224-8 ). relation: 10.1007/s13127-015-0224-8 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/450056/ title: A new peltospirid snail (Gastropoda Neomphalida) adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge creator: Chen, Chong creator: Han, Yuru creator: Copley, Jonathan T. creator: Zhou, Yadong description:

The biodiversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean remains poorly characterised compared with that of their Pacific and Atlantic counterparts. Although the Longqi hydrothermal vent field is the most extensively explored vent site on the ultra-slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge, it is still a source of new discoveries. Here, we report and formally describe a new peltospirid snail from Longqi–Lirapex felix sp. nov. Known from only two specimens, it differs from other named Lirapex species by a depressed spire and the lack of coil loosening on the body whorl. Examinations of the external anatomy and radular characteristics agree with its placement in Lirapex, which is also supported by a molecular phylogeny reconstructed using the barcoding fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. This is the fifth peltospirid snail known to inhabit the Longqi field, three of which (including Lirapex felix sp. nov.) have been found nowhere else. There is growing evidence that the Longqi field represents a biogeographically unique site among Indian Ocean vents. The discovery of Lirapex felix sp. nov. adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi field, with implications for conservation in the light of potential deep-sea mining. This work is registered in ZooBank under: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3B892762-2110-4A1E-A80D-1779CBEC5EB3.

date: 2021-06-16 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: accepted_manuscript identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/450056/1/Chen_et_al_2021_Lirapex_felix.pdf identifier: Chen, Chong, Han, Yuru, Copley, Jonathan T. and Zhou, Yadong (2021) A new peltospirid snail (Gastropoda Neomphalida) adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge. Journal of Natural History, 55 (13-14), 851-866. (doi:10.1080/00222933.2021.1923851 ). relation: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923851 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/384870/ title: A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) creator: Chen, Chong creator: Linse, Katrin creator: Roterman, Christopher N. creator: Copley, Jonathan T. creator: Rogers, Alex D. description: Recently discovered hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR, 56–60°S, 30°W), Southern Ocean, and the South West Indian Ridge (SWIR, 37°S 49°E), Indian Ocean, host two closely related new species of peltospirid gastropods. Morphological and molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) characterization justify the erection of Gigantopelta gen. nov. within the Peltospiroidae with two new species, Gigantopelta chessoia sp. nov. from ESR and Gigantopelta aegis sp. nov. from SWIR. They attain an extremely large size for the clade Neomphalina, reaching 45.7?mm in shell diameter. The oesophageal gland of both species is markedly enlarged. Gigantopelta aegis has a thick sulphide coating on both the shell and the operculum of unknown function. The analysis of a 579-bp fragment of the COI gene resulted in 19–28% pairwise distance between Gigantopelta and six other genera in Peltospiridae, whereas the range amongst those six genera was 12–28%. The COI divergence between the two newly described species of Gigantopelta was 4.43%. Population genetics analyses using COI (370?bp) of 30 individuals of each species confirmed their genetic isolation and indicate recent rapid demographic expansion in both species.

date: 2015-10 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Chen, Chong, Linse, Katrin, Roterman, Christopher N., Copley, Jonathan T. and Rogers, Alex D. (2015) A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175 (2), 319-335. (doi:10.1111/zoj.12279 ). relation: 10.1111/zoj.12279 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/479064/ title: Diasporic convergence, sustained transience and indifferent survival: Indian traders in China creator: Cheuk, Ka-Kin description: This paper analyses the way in which Sindhi traders – one of the largest Indian diasporic populations in Asia – have managed to live and work in China as de facto migrants despite their inability to be granted settled immigration status by the Chinese state. Drawing on long-term fieldwork that started in 2010, the paper offers a China-centric ethnographic perspective on how Indian traders, particularly Sindhis in the Chinese county of Keqiao, have been dealing with the incongruence between immigration policies that largely preclude the possibility of their permanent residency and their long-term entrepreneurial engagement in China. I argue that this incongruence, despite the tensions and uncertainties it continues to generate, has in fact become a crucial factor in stabilizing the diasporic convergence upon Keqiao by Sindhi traders. The eventual consequence is what I call ‘indifferent survival’: that is, the Sindhi traders, a group of non-white foreigners, are managing to stay together and even expand the size of their diasporic community in China despite their vast internal differences in class, local knowledge, and wealth. date: 2022-03-30 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/479064/1/Cheuk_Diasporic_convergence_2022.pdf identifier: Cheuk, Ka-Kin (2022) Diasporic convergence, sustained transience and indifferent survival: Indian traders in China. History and Anthropology, 33 (2), 279-294. (doi:10.1080/02757206.2022.2057969 ). relation: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2057969 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/479067/ title: Funny money circulation and fabric exports from China to Dubai through Indian trading networks creator: Cheuk, Ka-Kin description: Chiefly drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork in the district of Keqiao in Zhejiang Province since 2009, I argue that irregular financial transactions—conceptualized as “funny money” in this article—play a significant role in the sustenance of otherwise tenuous business relations between Indian traders and Chinese suppliers in the China–Dubai fabric trade. Much of the fabric exported from Keqiao to Dubai relies on intertwined formal and informal transactions operated by Indian trading networks. These labyrinthine transnational funny money transactions aim to circumvent institutional hurdles and overcome deficiencies in operating capital, yet inherent to this system is a cycle of payment lags that cause tense relations between payers and payees. Funny money transactions facilitate eventual payment in most cases most of the time and maintain enough trust to keep the trade network alive. Furthermore, the interlocking circuits of funny money also prevent the overaccumulation of wealth and power by any particular stakeholder involved in the international trade and defy or at least circumvent the formal political authority of state and financial institutions that seek to curtail such practices. These transactions thereby create a larger space for business survival among the grassroots players, especially Indian traders who may not have enough capital available when they initiate a deal with a Chinese supplier. date: 2022-02 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Cheuk, Ka-Kin (2022) Funny money circulation and fabric exports from China to Dubai through Indian trading networks. American Behavioral Scientist, 66 (2), 232–249. (doi:10.1177/00027642211020056 ). relation: 10.1177/00027642211020056 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/486170/ title: China-Dubai textile trade through Indian connections creator: Cheuk, Ka-Kin description: The textile trade has contributed remarkably to Dubai’s non-oil economy for years, and it is well known that China has been Dubai’s most significant partner in this trade since the early 2000s. What is less well known is that much of this trade involves the work of the Indian diasporas in China and Dubai. In this short essay, Ka-Kin Cheuk highlights the role played by the Indian diaspora network in the development of the China-Dubai textile trade. date: 2018-07-24 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Cheuk, Ka-Kin (2018) China-Dubai textile trade through Indian connections. MEI Insights, [188]. language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/486192/ title: 印度妇女在中国轻纺城的社区网络探析 creator: Cheuk, Ka-Kin description: 以浙江绍兴轻纺城中的印度妇女为例, 认为轻纺城中的印度妇女因受“点对点”的中间商人跨国网络、贸易活动对秘密的重视、家室在中介贸易中的商业价值以及中国签证制度的影响, 无法在中国组织较具规模的同乡妇女互助网络, 这使她们在中国的生活进一步被边缘化及隔离化。由此来看, 宗教网络不一定与商业优势挂钩, 中间商人贸易活动的特性, 即中间商人所坚持的商业本钱, 会影响他们及其家室在居住地的社会网络的组合, 并削弱非商业参与家庭成员对公共宗教活动及社会群体生活的参与。

A case study is conducted on the community network of Indian females in Shaoxing of Zhejiang province, which wins fame as "the City of Light t& Textile Industry of China". This paper argues that Indian females in the city of light & textile industry are influenced by middlemen's point-to-point cross country network, trade activities' stressing on secrets, kinship's business value in intermediate trade, and China's visa system, so that they cannot form a women mutual-assistance network on a relative large scale in China and would then be isolated and marginalized. From what's been mentioned above, religious network will not necessarily have connection with business superiorities. The nature of middlemen's trade activities, i.e. the capital in middlemen's business, will influence their whole family's local social network combination and will further diminish non-business family members' attendance at public religious activities and social group lives. date: 2013-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Cheuk, Ka-Kin (2013) 印度妇女在中国轻纺城的社区网络探析. Guangxi Minzu Daxue Xuebao, 35 (5), 43-50. language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/486193/ title: 从移民企业家到跨国商人: 绍兴印度人的人类学研究 creator: Cheuk, Ka-Kin description: 文章以文献回顾讨论了关于印度商人的民族志研究，说明印度商业活动受到学者关注的原因，分析了移民企 业家这个概念为什么不能解释今天日益频繁的跨国商业模式。研究绍兴的印度商人，可以为学界提供及时的案例，让我们 更了解印度跨国企业的内部运作。 date: 2011-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Cheuk, Ka-Kin (2011) 从移民企业家到跨国商人: 绍兴印度人的人类学研究. Shaoxing Weli Xueyuan Xuebao, 31 (5), 113-115. (doi:10.16169/j.issn.1008-293x.s.2011.05.015 ). relation: 10.16169/j.issn.1008-293x.s.2011.05.015 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/362920/ title: Proteomic responses to metal-induced oxidative stress in hydrothermal vent-living mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., on the Southwest Indian Ridge creator: Cole, Catherine creator: Coelho, Ana Varela creator: James, Rachael H. creator: Connelly, Doug creator: Sheehan, David description: Bathymodiolin mussels are amongst the dominant fauna occupying hydrothermal vent ecosystems throughout the World's oceans. This subfamily inhabits a highly ephemeral and variable environment, where exceptionally high concentrations of reduced sulphur species and heavy metals necessitate adaptation of specialised detoxification mechanisms. Whilst cellular responses to common anthropogenic pollutants are well-studied in shallow-water species, they remain limited in deep-sea vent fauna. Bathymodiolus sp. were sampled from two newly-discovered vent sites on the Southwest Indian Ridge (Tiamat and Knuckers Gaff) by the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Kiel 6000 during the RRS James Cook cruise, JC 067 in November 2011. Here, we use redox proteomics to investigate the effects of tissue metal accumulation on protein expression and thiol oxidation in gill. Following 2D PAGE, we demonstrate a significant difference in intensity in 30 protein spots in this organ between the two vent sites out of 205 matched spots. We also see significant variations in thiol oxidation in 15 spots, out of 143 matched. At Tiamat, 23 protein spots are up-regulated compared to Knuckers Gaff and we identify 5 of these with important roles in metabolism, cell structure, stress response, and redox homeostasis. We suggest that increased metal exposure triggers changes in the proteome, regulating tissue uptake. This is evident both between vent sites and across a chemical gradient within the Knuckers Gaff vent site. Our findings highlight the importance of proteomic plasticity in successful adaptation to the spatially and temporally fluctuating chemical environments that are characteristic of hydrothermal vent habitats. date: 2014-05 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/362920/1/Cole%2520et%2520al.%252C%25202014%252C%2520Mar%2520Environ%2520Res.pdf identifier: Cole, Catherine, Coelho, Ana Varela, James, Rachael H., Connelly, Doug and Sheehan, David (2014) Proteomic responses to metal-induced oxidative stress in hydrothermal vent-living mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., on the Southwest Indian Ridge. [in special issue: Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO17)] Marine Environmental Research, 96, 29-37. (doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.003 ). relation: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.003 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50575/ title: Seismic stratigraphy and evolution of the Raggatt Basin, southern Kerguelen Plateau creator: Colwell, J.B. creator: Coffin, M.F. creator: Pigram, C.J. creator: Davies, H.L. creator: Stagg, H.M.J. creator: Hill, P.J. description: Six major seismic stratigraphic sequences in the Raggatt Basin on the southern Kerguelen Plateau overlie a basement complex of Cretaceous or greater age. The complex includes dipping reflectors which were apparently folded and eroded before the Raggatt Basin developed. The seismic stratigraphic sequences include a basal unit F, which fills depressions in basement; a thick unit, E, which has a mounded upper surface (volcanic or carbonate mounds); a depression-filling unit, D; a thick unit C which is partly Middle to Late Eocene; and two post-Eocene units, A and B, which are relatively thin and more limited in areal extent than the underlying sequences. A mid or Late Cretaceous erosional episode was followed by subsidence and basin development, interrupted by major erosion in the mid Tertiary. Late Cenozoic sedimentation was affected by vigorous ocean currents. date: 1988-02 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Colwell, J.B., Coffin, M.F., Pigram, C.J., Davies, H.L., Stagg, H.M.J. and Hill, P.J. (1988) Seismic stratigraphy and evolution of the Raggatt Basin, southern Kerguelen Plateau. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 5 (1), 75-81. (doi:10.1016/0264-8172(88)90041-4 ). relation: 10.1016/0264-8172(88)90041-4 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350761/ title: Decoding the drivers of bank erosion on the Mekong River: the roles of the Asian monsoon, tropical storms and snow melt creator: Darby, Stephen E. creator: Leyland, Julian creator: Kummu, Matti creator: Rasanen, Timo creator: Lauri, Hannu description: We evaluate links between climate and simulated river bank erosion for one of the world's largest rivers, the Mekong. We employ a process-based model to reconstruct multi-decadal time series of bank erosion at study sites within the Mekong's two main hydrological response zones, defining a new parameter, accumulated excess runoff (AER), pertinent to bank erosion. We employ a hydrological model to isolate how snow melt, tropical storms and monsoon precipitation each contribute to AER and thus modelled bank erosion. Our results show that melt (23.9% at the upstream study site, declining to 11.1% downstream) and tropical cyclones (17.5% and 26.4% at the upstream and downstream sites, respectively) both force significant fractions of bank erosion on the Mekong. We also show (i) small, but significant, declines in AER and hence assumed bank erosion during the 20th century, and; (ii) that significant correlations exist between AER and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Of these modes of climate variability, we find that IOD events exert a greater control on simulated bank erosion than ENSO events; but the influences of both ENSO and IOD when averaged over several decades are found to be relatively weak. However, importantly, relationships between ENSO, IOD and AER and hence inferred river bank erosion are not time-invariant. Specifically, we show that there is an intense and prolonged epoch of strong coherence between ENSO and AER from the early 1980s to present, such that in recent decades derived Mekong River bank erosion has been more strongly affected by ENSO. date: 2013-04 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: other identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350761/1/0of%2520bank%2520erosion%2520on%2520the%2520Mekong%2520river%2520%2520The%2520roles%2520of%2520the%2520Asian%2520monsoon%252C%2520tropical%2520storms%252C%2520and%2520snowmelt%2520-%2520Darby%2520-%25202013%2520-%2520Water%2520Resources%2520Research%2520-%2520Wiley%2520Online%2520Library.htm identifier: Darby, Stephen E., Leyland, Julian, Kummu, Matti, Rasanen, Timo and Lauri, Hannu (2013) Decoding the drivers of bank erosion on the Mekong River: the roles of the Asian monsoon, tropical storms and snow melt. Water Resources Research, 49 (4), 2146-2163. (doi:10.1002/wrcr.20205 ). relation: 10.1002/wrcr.20205 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/439690/ title: India’s contribution to mitigating the impacts of climate change through vegetation management creator: Dash, J. creator: Behera, M. D. creator: Jeganathan, C. creator: Jha, C. S. creator: Sharma, S. creator: Lucas, R. creator: Khuroo, A. A. creator: Harris, A. creator: Atkinson, P. M. creator: Boyd, D. S. creator: Singh, C. P. creator: Kale, M. P. creator: Kumar, P. creator: Behera, Soumit K. creator: Chitale, V. S. creator: Jayakumar, S. creator: Sharma, L. K. creator: Pandey, A. C. creator: Avishek, K. creator: Pandey, P. C. creator: Mohapatra, S. N. creator: Varshney, S. K. description: The changes in natural ecosystems provide opportunity to increase vegetation carbon sink capacity and thereby contribute to mitigation of climate change impacts. The Indian tropics and the large ecological variation within the country afford the advantage of diverse niches and offer opportunities to reveal the role of biotic factors at different levels of organization from populations to ecosystems. The last 4 decades of research and development in the Indian space science community has been primarily application driven in response to the government space programme for national development. The expenditure in R&D over next 5 year suggest that scientific research is higher on the country's agenda. The Indo-UK Terrestrial Carbon Group (IUTCG) comprising both Indian and UK scientists, funded jointly by the Department of Science and Technology, India and the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills organised a workshop to explore ways in which Earth observation data can be effectively utilised in mitigating the impacts of climate change through vegetation management. Effective integration of field observations, collected through various monitoring networks, and satellite sensor data has been proposed to provide country-wide monitoring. date: 2020-03-13 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: accepted_manuscript identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/439690/1/Policy_forum_report_V4_MDB_F.pdf identifier: Dash, J., Behera, M. D., Jeganathan, C., Jha, C. S., Sharma, S., Lucas, R., Khuroo, A. A., Harris, A., Atkinson, P. M., Boyd, D. S., Singh, C. P., Kale, M. P., Kumar, P., Behera, Soumit K., Chitale, V. S., Jayakumar, S., Sharma, L. K., Pandey, A. C., Avishek, K., Pandey, P. C., Mohapatra, S. N. and Varshney, S. K. (2020) India’s contribution to mitigating the impacts of climate change through vegetation management. Tropical Ecology, 61 (1), 168-171. (doi:10.1007/s42965-020-00075-9 ). relation: 10.1007/s42965-020-00075-9 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/152229/ title: Effect of physiological doses of oral vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in India creator: Deshmukh, U.S. creator: Joglekar, C.V. creator: Lubree, H.G. creator: Ramdas, L.V. creator: Bhat, D.S. creator: Naik, S.S. creator: Hardikar, P.S. creator: Raut, D.A. creator: Konde, T.B. creator: Wills, A.K. creator: Jackson, A.A. creator: Refsum, H. creator: Nanivadekar, A.S. creator: Fall, C.H. creator: Yajnik, C.S. description: Background/Objectives: vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is common in Indians and a major contributor to hyperhomocysteinemia, which may influence fetal growth, risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of physiological doses of B12 and folic acid on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration.

Subjects/Methods: a cluster randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2 × 3 factorial trial, using the family as the randomization unit. B12 was given as 2 or 10??g capsules, with or without 200??g folic acid, forming six groups (B0F0, B2F0, B10F0, B0F200, B2F200 and B10F200). Plasma tHcy concentration was measured before and after 4 and 12 months of supplementation.

Results: from 119 families in the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, 300 individuals were randomized. There was no interaction between B12 and folic acid (P=0.14) in relation to tHcy concentration change and their effects were analyzed separately: B0 vs. B2 vs. B10; and F0 vs. F200. At 12 months, tHcy concentration reduced by a mean 5.9 (95% CI: ?7.8, ?4.1) ?mol/l in B2, and by 7.1 (95% CI: ?8.9, ?5.4) ?mol/l in B10, compared to nonsignificant rise of 1.2 (95% CI: ?0.5, 2.9) ?mol/l in B0. B2 and B10 did not differ significantly. In F200, tHcy concentration decreased by 4.8 (95% CI: ?6.3, ?3.3) ?mol/l compared to 2.8 (95% CI: ?4.3, ?1.2) ?mol/l in F0.

Conclusion: daily oral supplementation with physiological doses of B12 is an effective community intervention to reduce tHcy. Folic acid (200??g per day) showed no additional benefit, neither had any unfavorable effects. date: 2010-05 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Deshmukh, U.S., Joglekar, C.V., Lubree, H.G., Ramdas, L.V., Bhat, D.S., Naik, S.S., Hardikar, P.S., Raut, D.A., Konde, T.B., Wills, A.K., Jackson, A.A., Refsum, H., Nanivadekar, A.S., Fall, C.H. and Yajnik, C.S. (2010) Effect of physiological doses of oral vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in India. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64 (5), 495-502. (doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.15 ). relation: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20216560 relation: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.15 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50239/ title: Stephonyx arabiensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Uristidae), a new deep-water scavenger species from the Indian Ocean, with a key to the genus Stephonyx creator: Diffenthal, M. creator: Horton, T. description: The amphipod genus Stephonyx Lowry & Stoddart, 1989, consists of nine species. This paper adds a new species from the deep Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, based on material collected by baited trap at 1864m off the coast of Pakistan. The species can be distinguished from the most closely allied species Stephonyx laqueus (Barnard, 1967) by the weakly excavate palm of gnathopod 2, the pointed lateral cephalic lobe, and the shape of coxa 4. A key to the ten species in the genus is provided. date: 2007-12 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Diffenthal, M. and Horton, T. (2007) Stephonyx arabiensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Uristidae), a new deep-water scavenger species from the Indian Ocean, with a key to the genus Stephonyx. Zootaxa, 1665, 31-41. relation: http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01665p041f.pdf relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/8814/ title: Impact of 4D-variational assimilation of WOCE hydrography on the meridional overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean creator: Ferron, B. creator: Marotzke, J. date: 2000 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Ferron, B. and Marotzke, J. (2000) Impact of 4D-variational assimilation of WOCE hydrography on the meridional overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean. International WOCE Newsletter, No.39, 20-27. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/22708/ title: The biological validation of ADCP acoustic backscatter through direct comparison with net samples and model predictions based on acoustic-scattering models creator: Fielding, S. creator: Griffiths, G. creator: Roe, H.S.J. description: Mean volume-backscattering strength (MVBS) data collected using a 153-kHz, narrowband Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were compared with zooplankton abundance and biovolume data collected using a Longhurst–Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR). A direct comparison showed that there was a linear relationship between MVBS and log-transformed zooplankton dry weight. This linear relationship, determined from a mixed zooplankton-species population, was then compared with that reported in previous work from a region dominated by a single species of copepod and found to be significantly different. The scatter around the linear relationships determined between MVBS and log-transformed dry weights in regions of complex, mixed zooplankton populations results in our inability to distinguish different relationships that could be expected from different populations in varying oceanic regions. It is suggested that, without further manipulation of the data, ADCP MVBS cannot be used to determine quantitative estimates of zooplankton abundance and biomass in mixed populations.
"Observed MVBS" was compared with model-predicted backscattering, calculated using acoustic models and abundance and size measurements of zooplankton from net samples. The results show that at high backscattering intensities (>?80 dB) the observed MVBS from an ADCP was generally consistent with the model predictions. Abundance, biovolume, and model-predicted backscattering contributions of six "significant acoustic-scattering" groups (amphipods, chaetognaths, copepods, euphausiids, fish, and pteropods) are shown to vary disproportionately. In particular, a rare and small but strong acoustic scatterer such as a pteropod can contribute as little as 0.1% to the total sample abundance and 0.1% to the biovolume but represent 69.5% of the total model-predicted backscattering.
Model, instrumental, and methodological artefacts are identified as potential sources of inconsistencies between the observed and model-predicted backscattering. These include the effect of the orientation of zooplankton, inadequate knowledge of model parameters such as the sound-speed and density contrasts, the mismatch between sampling volumes of the net and acoustic instrument, and net avoidance by the more mobile scatterers. date: 2004 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Fielding, S., Griffiths, G. and Roe, H.S.J. (2004) The biological validation of ADCP acoustic backscatter through direct comparison with net samples and model predictions based on acoustic-scattering models. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61 (2), 184-200. (doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.10.011 ). relation: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.10.011 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/49691/ title: Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70°E–49°E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions creator: Font, L. creator: Murton, B.J. creator: Roberts, S. creator: Tindle, A.G. description: Melt inclusion and host glass compositions from the eastern end of the Southwest Indian Ridge show a progressive depletion in light rare earth elements (LREE), Na8 and (La/Sm)n, but an increase in Fe8, from the NE (64°E) towards the SW (49°E). These changes indicate an increase in the degree of mantle melting towards the SW and correlate with a shallowing of the ridge axial depth and increase in crustal thickness. In addition, LREE enrichment in both melt inclusions and host glasses from the NE end of the ridge are compatible with re-fertilization of a depleted mantle source. The large compositional variations (e.g. P2O5 and K2O) of the melt inclusions from the NE end of the ridge (64°E), coupled with low Fe8 values, suggest that melts from the NE correspond to a variety of different batches of melts generated at shallow levels in the mantle melting column. In contrast, the progressively more depleted compositions and higher Fe8 values of the olivine- and plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions at the SW end of the studied region (49°E), suggest that these melt inclusions represent batches of melt generated by higher degrees of melting at greater mean depths in the mantle melting column. Systematic differences in Fe8 values between the plagioclase- and the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the SW end (49°E) of the studied ridge area, suggest that the plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions represent final batches of melt generated at the top of the mantle melting column, whereas the olivine-hosted melt inclusions correspond to melts generated from less depleted, more fertile mantle at greater depths. date: 2007-08 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Font, L., Murton, B.J., Roberts, S. and Tindle, A.G. (2007) Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70°E–49°E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions. Journal of Petrology, 48 (8), 1471-1494. (doi:10.1093/petrology/egm026 ). relation: http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/48/8/1471 relation: 10.1093/petrology/egm026 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/8902/ title: Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province: the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, southern Indian Ocean creator: Frey, F.A. creator: Coffin, M. creator: Wallace, P.J. creator: Weis, D. creator: Zhao, X. creator: Wise, S.W. creator: Wahnert, V. creator: Teagle, D.A.H. creator: Saccocia, P.J. creator: Reusch, D.N. creator: Pringle, M.S. creator: Nicolaysen, K.E. creator: Neal, C.R. creator: Muller, R.D. creator: Moore, C.L. creator: Mahoney, J.J. creator: Keszthelyi, L. creator: Inokuchi, H. creator: Duncan, R.A. creator: Delius, H. creator: Damuth, J.E. creator: Damasceno, D. creator: Coxall, H.K. creator: Borre, M.K. creator: Boehm, F. creator: Barling, J. creator: Arndt, N.T. creator: Antretter, M. description: Oceanic plateaus form by mantle processes distinct from those forming oceanic crust at divergent plate boundaries. Eleven drillsites into igneous basement of Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, including seven from the recent Ocean Drilling Program Leg 183 (1998–99) and four from Legs 119 and 120 (1987–88), show that the dominant rocks are basalts with geochemical characteristics distinct from those of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Moreover, the physical characteristics of the lava flows and the presence of wood fragments, charcoal, pollen, spores and seeds in the shallow water sediments overlying the igneous basement show that the growth rate of the plateau was sufficient to form subaerial landmasses. Most of the southern Kerguelen Plateau formed at ~110 Ma, but the uppermost submarine lavas in the northern Kerguelen Plateau erupted during Cenozoic time. These results are consistent with derivation of the plateau by partial melting of the Kerguelen plume. Leg 183 provided two new major observations about the final growth stages of the Kerguelen Plateau. 1: At several locations, volcanism ended with explosive eruptions of volatile-rich, felsic magmas; although the total volume of felsic volcanic rocks is poorly constrained, the explosive nature of the eruptions may have resulted in globally significant effects on climate and atmospheric chemistry during the late-stage, subaerial growth of the Kerguelen Plateau. 2: At one drillsite, clasts of garnet–biotite gneiss, a continental rock, occur in a fluvial conglomerate intercalated within basaltic flows. Previously, geochemical and geophysical evidence has been used to infer continental lithospheric components within this large igneous province. A continental geochemical signature in an oceanic setting may represent deeply recycled crust incorporated into the Kerguelen plume or continental fragments dispersed during initial formation of the Indian Ocean during breakup of Gondwana. The clasts of garnet–biotite gneiss are the first unequivocal evidence of continental crust in this oceanic plateau. We propose that during initial breakup between India and Antarctica, the spreading center jumped northwards transferring slivers of the continental Indian plate to oceanic portions of the Antarctic plate. date: 2000 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Frey, F.A., Coffin, M., Wallace, P.J., Weis, D., Zhao, X., Wise, S.W., Wahnert, V., Teagle, D.A.H., Saccocia, P.J., Reusch, D.N., Pringle, M.S., Nicolaysen, K.E., Neal, C.R., Muller, R.D., Moore, C.L., Mahoney, J.J., Keszthelyi, L., Inokuchi, H., Duncan, R.A., Delius, H., Damuth, J.E., Damasceno, D., Coxall, H.K., Borre, M.K., Boehm, F., Barling, J., Arndt, N.T. and Antretter, M. (2000) Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province: the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, southern Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 176 (1), 73-89. (doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00315-5 ). relation: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00315-5 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14876/ title: Epipelagic mesozooplankton dynamics around the Mascarene Plateau and Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean creator: Gallienne, C.P. creator: Smythe-Wright, D. description: It has been suggested that the obstruction of the South Equatorial Current by the Mascarene Plateau might cause upwelling, nutrient enrichment and enhanced chlorophyll and secondary production levels downstream. A study conducted in April and May 2001 showed variability in biomass and community structure which appeared to support this hypothesis but, in the absence of supporting physical and biochemical measurements, we were unable to confirm it. In June and July 2002 the sampling was repeated with the supporting environmental measurements available from a large research vessel. In this paper we present the results from this sampling programme, compare them with the 2001 results, and examine both datasets in the light of physical and other environmental data gathered during the 2002 programme in order to evaluate the evidence for significant upwelling around the Mascarene Plateau. The evidence is inconclusive: the 2002 dataset shows only a little evidence of topographic upwelling. However, the mesozooplankton and other physical and biochemical data from the 2002 sampling programme indicate support for the theory of an open-ocean upwelling between 5 and 10° S across the central and western Indian Ocean from 50 to 90° E, due to Ekman divergence along the northern edge of the South Equatorial Current. It is possible that these two separate sources of upwelling may coexist and combine at times, producing the very high levels of biomass found during 2001. date: 2005 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Gallienne, C.P. and Smythe-Wright, D. (2005) Epipelagic mesozooplankton dynamics around the Mascarene Plateau and Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 363 (1826), 191-202. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1487 ). relation: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1487 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349055/ title: Lavani SERPENT report creator: Gates, A.R. description: In follow-up to work at Zafarani a field study was carried out to describe the deep-sea fauna and the effects of disturbance from seabed discharges associated with exploration drilling at Statoil’s Lavani location, at 2400 m depth in Block 2 offshore Tanzania.

The fieldwork was carried out from the drillship Ocean Rig Poseidon during drilling operations at Lavani. The ship’s remotely operated vehicles were used during standby time to survey the seabed using high definition video cameras. Nine quantitative straight line video transect surveys (up to 260 m in length) were used to determine the abundance and diversity of the fauna, describe the seabed environment and map the distribution of drill cuttings visible on the seabed. Replicated sediment samples were also collected in at five locations up to 180 m from the BOP in order to quantify the disturbance gradient and verify the findings of the video survey.

The background environment was soft sediment consisting of typical deep-sea ooze. It comprised planktonic material such as coccoliths settled to the seabed from the surface water. Many tracks and burrows created by seabed organisms covered the surface of undisturbed sediment. The deep-sea animals observed at the site were similar at Lavani to Zafarani. At Lavani abundance of organisms was lower but more diverse that at Zafarani. The assemblage was dominated by Xenophyophores, Sponges and Echinoderms. Notable observations not encountered at Zafarani include large echinothuriid sea urchins, a large skate and a diverse community associated with sunken wood.

Drilling disturbance resulted in coverage of the seafloor with drill cuttings. This generally extended to approximately 60 m from the well. A pilot well was drilled to the east of the main well and to the east and north east disturbance was visible to a distance of 140 m from the BOP. Within this area the abundance of the megabenthic assemblage was significantly reduced. Distribution of cuttings extended furthest to the east of the well but there was not a single direction in which the cuttings were dominantly distributed as at Zafarani. In contrast to Zafarani, at Lavani background seabed could be observed in all headings. The increased disturbance documented to the east of the well likely results from the drilling of a pilot well in this area rather than the effects of seabed currents. The pilot hole was visible in the video surveys and clearly extended area of disturbed seabed. Sediment sampling showed that there was significantly elevated barium concentration close to the well (indicative of drill mud), which reduced with distance from the BOP.

The abundance and diversity of megafauna was significantly reduced in close proximity to the well following smothering disturbance. Further from the well there was great variability in both parameters owing to varying degrees of disturbance. It is expected that the abundance and diversity of megafauna beyond 140 m from the BOP at Lavani is representative of the background for the area. publisher: National Oceanography Centre date: 2013-02 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349055/1/NOC_R%2526C_32.pdf identifier: Gates, A.R. (2013) Lavani SERPENT report (National Oceanography Centre Research and Consultancy Report, 32) Southampton, UK. National Oceanography Centre 83pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349042/ title: Zafarani SERPENT report creator: Gates, A.R. description: The SERPENT Project (Scientific and Environmental ROV Partnership using Existing Industrial Technology) carried out an investigation into deep-sea ecology and the effects of disturbance from hydrocarbon exploration at Statoil’s Zafarani Prospect in Block 2 offshore Tanzania. SEPRENT visited the Ocean Rig Poseidon which drilled the Zafarani well in 2600 m water depth in the western Indian Ocean off Tanzania, an area largely neglected by deep-sea science and exploration, and therefore lacking in the background information required to predict and understand anthropogenic effects on the fauna associated with the seabed.

The fieldwork involved the use of the ship’s remotely operated vehicles during standby time to survey the seabed using high definition video cameras in order to describe the seabed environment and quantify the deep-sea organisms encountered around the drilling operations. Quantitative straight line video transect surveys were carried out to determine the abundance and diversity of the fauna and map the distribution of drill cuttings visible on the seabed. Sediment samples were also collected in four headings in order to verify the findings of the video survey.

The water column temperature reduced from 28?C at the surface to 2?C at the seabed with relatively consistent salinity with depth. The seabed was characterised by soft sediment which, in undisturbed areas, showed abundant signs of the activity of seabed organisms in the form of burrows, tracks and traces. Forty three species of larger organism (megafauna – visible in video footage) were encountered. Xenophyphores, echinoderms and sponges dominated the benthic megafauna. Ten species of deep-sea fish were recorded in the video observations.

Visual observations showed that drilling disturbance had a noticeable effect causing a layer of drill cuttings to overlie the natural seabed. This reduced the variability of the seabed obscuring the evidence of faunal activity. This was predominantly to the north of the well, in which heading it was not possible to reach natural seabed at the full extent of the ROV tether (150 m). In other headings the cuttings disturbance reached approximately 30-50 m from the well. Chemical analysis of the sediment samples verified the observations from ROV video, showing high levels of barium to the north of the well. Examination of the sediment using scanning electron microscopy also showed evidence of high levels of barium sulphate (a key component of drilling mud). In comparison, samples taken in all other headings showed low barium concentration and the sediment samples were dominated by the remains of phytoplankton such as coccolithophores which naturally settle to the seabed.

The abundance of megafaunal organisms was significantly reduced within the area impacted by the drill cuttings, this was of particular importance in the area up to 20 m from the BOP in all headings and for the entire survey length to the north of the well. Other measures of the megafaunal community (species diversity and multivariate analysis of the megafaunal assemblage composition) suggested similar patterns but beyond the visible cuttings the initial effects of drilling disturbance appeared to be local, however it is not clear how far this extends to the north. The presence of lebensspuren (animal tracks and traces) may be a more sensitive measure of drilling disturbance than megafaunal abundance in deep, soft-sediment environments such as Zafarani.

This project provides valuable data about the deep water fauna of the area around the deep water drilling operations at Zafarani that was highlighted as lacking in pre-drilling assessments. It also verifies the predicted impacts of top- hole drilling suggested by modelled discharge calculations, providing local scale resolution to predicted effects. publisher: National Oceanography Centre date: 2013-02 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349042/1/NOC_R%2526C_31.pdf identifier: Gates, A.R. (2013) Zafarani SERPENT report (National Oceanography Centre Research and Consultancy Report, 31) Southampton, UK. National Oceanography Centre 85pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/5999/ title: Hydrothermal activity along the central Indian Ridge: ridges, hotspots and philately creator: German, C.R. creator: Connelly, D.P. creator: Evans, A.J. creator: Murton, B.J. creator: Curewitz, D. creator: Okino, K. creator: Statham, P.J. creator: Parson, L.M. date: 2001 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: German, C.R., Connelly, D.P., Evans, A.J., Murton, B.J., Curewitz, D., Okino, K., Statham, P.J. and Parson, L.M. (2001) Hydrothermal activity along the central Indian Ridge: ridges, hotspots and philately. EOS: Transactions American Geophysical Union, 82 (47, Supplement), p.F663. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/360967/ title: The ecology and biogeography of Discospirina tenuissima (Foraminifera) in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans creator: Gooday, A.J. creator: Alt, C.H.S. creator: Jones, D.O.B. creator: Shale, D. creator: Marsden, K. creator: Brasier, M.D. description: The large (?1 cm diameter) miliolid foraminifera Discospirina tenuissima (Carpenter and Jeffreys, 1870) is common at four sites (NW, NE, SW, and SE), located on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the north (54°N) and south (49°N) of the Charlie–Gibbs Fracture Zone. The white discoidal tests of this epifaunal species were visible in video surveys of flat and gently (10°) sloping, sediment-covered areas of seafloor (replicate 500-m-long transects, 1000 m2 surface area) obtained using the Remote Operated Vehicle Isis. Average densities varied from 0.07 (SE site) to 1.12 (NW) ind m?2 for sloped transects and 0.02 (NW) to 1.75 (SW) ind m?2 for flat transects. Considerable variation was also evident between individual transects (0–2.25 ind m?2). The tests displayed no consistent dispersion pattern; both significantly random and clumped patterns were observed, in some cases within a single site. Isis was also used to make detailed in situ observations of D. tenuissima and to collect individual specimens. The delicate test margin sometimes exhibited angular notches and other signs of damage, presumably a result of megafaunal activity; in some cases the damage had been repaired. Specimens perforated by a large central hole occurred at the SE site. Smaller sessile organisms, including agglutinated foraminifera and occasional brachiopods, use D. tenuissima tests as a substratum for attachment. In all areas, some tests were surrounded by a ring of sediment, presumably surface material collected by pseudopodia. We interpret these features as being comparable to the feeding cysts created by other foraminiferal species. They were particularly common at the SE site, where one or two abandoned rings indicated that some tests had moved distances of several centimetres across the seafloor. Most previous records of D. tenuissima are from well-oxygenated sites in the NE Atlantic. We provide the first records from the Indian Ocean. Here, this species occurs at bathyal depths in the northwest (1980 m) and northeast (938 m) Arabian Sea, where bottom-water oxygen concentrations are depressed. date: 2013-12-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Gooday, A.J., Alt, C.H.S., Jones, D.O.B., Shale, D., Marsden, K. and Brasier, M.D. (2013) The ecology and biogeography of Discospirina tenuissima (Foraminifera) in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. [in special issue: ECOMAR: Ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the Sub-Polar Front and Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone] Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 98, part B, 301-314. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.05.001 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.05.001 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379886/ title: Dust deposition in the eastern Indian Ocean: The ocean perspective from Antarctica to the Bay of Bengal creator: Grand, Maxime M. creator: Measures, Christopher I. creator: Hatta, Mariko creator: Hiscock, William T. creator: Buck, Clifton S. creator: Landing, William M. description:


Atmospheric deposition is an important but still poorly constrained source of trace micronutrients to the open ocean because of the dearth of in situ measurements of total deposition (i.e., wet?+?dry deposition) in remote regions. In this work, we discuss the upper ocean distribution of dissolved Fe and Al in the eastern Indian Ocean along a 95°E meridional transect spanning the Antarctic margin to the Bay of Bengal. We use the mixed layer concentration of dissolved Al in conjunction with empirical data in a simple steady state model to produce 75 estimates of total dust deposition that we compare with historical observations and atmospheric model estimates. Except in the northern Bay of Bengal where the Ganges-Brahmaputra river plume contributes to the inventory of dissolved Al, the surface distribution of dissolved Al along 95°E is remarkably consistent with the large-scale gradients in mineral dust deposition and multiple-source regions impacting the eastern Indian Ocean. The lowest total dust deposition fluxes are calculated for the Southern Ocean (66?±?60?mg?m?2?yr?1) and the highest for the northern end of the south Indian subtropical gyre (up to 940?mg?m?2?yr?1 at 18°S) and in the southern Bay of Bengal (2500?±?570?mg?m?2?yr?1). Our total deposition fluxes, which have an uncertainty on the order of a factor of 3.5, are comparable with the composite atmospheric model data of Mahowald et al. (2005), except in the south Indian subtropical gyre where models may underestimate total deposition. Using available measurements of the solubility of Fe in aerosols, we confirm that dust deposition is a minor source of dissolved Fe to the Southern Ocean and show that aeolian deposition of dissolved Fe in the southern Bay of Bengal may be comparable to that observed underneath the Saharan dust plume in the Atlantic Ocean. date: 2015-03-30 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379886/1/Grand_et_al-2015-Global_Biogeochemical_Cycles.pdf identifier: Grand, Maxime M., Measures, Christopher I., Hatta, Mariko, Hiscock, William T., Buck, Clifton S. and Landing, William M. (2015) Dust deposition in the eastern Indian Ocean: The ocean perspective from Antarctica to the Bay of Bengal. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29 (3), 357-374. (doi:10.1002/2014GB004898 ). relation: 10.1002/2014GB004898 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379889/ title: Dissolved Fe and Al in the upper 1000 m of the eastern Indian Ocean: A high-resolution transect along 95°E from the Antarctic margin to the Bay of Bengal creator: Grand, Maxime M. creator: Measures, Christopher I. creator: Hatta, Mariko creator: Hiscock, William T. creator: Landing, William M. creator: Morton, Peter L. creator: Buck, Clifton S. creator: Barrett, Pamela M. creator: Resing, Joseph A. description:


A high-resolution section of dissolved iron (dFe) and aluminum (dAl) was obtained along ~95°E in the upper 1000?m of the eastern Indian Ocean from the Antarctic margin (66°S) to the Bay of Bengal (18°N) during the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) CO2 Repeat Hydrography I08S and I09N sections (February–April 2007). In the Southern Ocean, low concentrations of dAl (<1?n M) reflect the negligible dust inputs impacting the water masses subducted in the circumpolar domain. The low dAl concentrations characterizing the Southern Ocean terminate near 45°S, probably because of the advection of subtropical water masses that received dust and sedimentary inputs in their formation region. Our subsurface dFe data near the southern Kerguelen Plateau were significantly higher than historical observations in other Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. We surmise that the offshore advection of dFe-rich waters along the western flank of the southern Kerguelen plateau and enhanced vertical mixing could contribute to this elevated subsurface dFe inventory. Elevated subsurface particulate and dFe levels downstream of the northern Kerguelen Plateau may reflect long-range lateral transport from the plateau's sediments and/or remineralization inputs. At the northern edge of the south Indian subtropical gyre, the deposition of Australian dust, possibly combined with the advection of dAl-enriched waters from the Indonesian Throughflow, creates a region of elevated dAl in the upper 400?m but without a corresponding enrichment in dFe. In the northern Indian Ocean, the South Equatorial Current constitutes a remarkable biogeochemical front separating the oxygen-rich and dFe-poor subtropical gyre waters from the dFe-rich and oxygen-depleted waters of the northern Indian Ocean. By tracing the accumulation of macronutrients and dFe along the advective pathway of Indian Central Water, we show that the central waters of the northern Indian Ocean receive excess dFe in addition to that produced by remineralization inputs. The resuspension of shelf sediments and release of pore waters probably contribute to the elevated dFe and dAl levels observed below the highly stratified upper layers of the Bay of Bengal.
date: 2015-03-13 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379889/1/Grand_et_al-2015-Global_Biogeochemical_Cycles%2520%25281%2529.pdf identifier: Grand, Maxime M., Measures, Christopher I., Hatta, Mariko, Hiscock, William T., Landing, William M., Morton, Peter L., Buck, Clifton S., Barrett, Pamela M. and Resing, Joseph A. (2015) Dissolved Fe and Al in the upper 1000 m of the eastern Indian Ocean: A high-resolution transect along 95°E from the Antarctic margin to the Bay of Bengal. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29 (3), 375-396. (doi:10.1002/2014GB004920 ). relation: 10.1002/2014GB004920 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/380937/ title: The impact of circulation and dust deposition in controlling the distributions of dissolved Fe and Al in the south Indian subtropical gyre creator: Grand, Maxime M. creator: Measures, Christopher I. creator: Hatta, Mariko creator: Morton, Peter L. creator: Barrett, Pamela creator: Milne, Angela creator: Resing, Joseph A. creator: Landing, William M. description: The South Indian Subtropical Gyre (SISG) is one of the least studied gyre systems of the world ocean with respect to trace elements. Here we report dissolved (< 0.45 ?m) Fe and Al measurements collected during two high-resolution US-CLIVAR CO2 Repeat Hydrography sections, which transected the upper 1000 m of the gyre zonally along ~ 32°S (I05) and meridionally along ~ 30°E (I06S). Particulate Fe and Al concentrations in waters influenced by the Agulhas Current are also presented. The distributions of dissolved Fe and Al in the gyre are primarily impacted by mineral dust deposition at the surface and the large-scale circulation patterns of the gyre at depth. Using mean mixed layer dissolved Al concentrations, we estimate that the deposition and partial dissolution of mineral dust emanating from South Africa and Australia vary from 60 to 685 mg (dust) m? 2 yr? 1 across the 32°S transect. This translates into a dust source of dissolved Fe ranging from 1.7 to 20 ?mol Fe m? 2 y? 1. The zonal patterns of aeolian deposition and those of N*, an indirect geochemical tracer for nitrogen fixation, show remarkable similarities along the I05 transect, suggesting that aeolian delivery of Fe may regulate nitrogen fixation rates in the SISG. In the western SISG (west of 60°E), which receives some of the highest aeolian Fe fluxes of the 32°S section, the Fe:AOU ratio in Indian Central Water was elevated relative to that observed in the Indian Central Water occupying the eastern Indian Ocean. These elevated Fe:AOU ratios may reflect the remineralization of Fe-rich organic material from nitrogen fixing organisms at the western end of the basin. Below the mixed layer, the distribution of dissolved Al appears to trace the principal features of the large-scale circulation of the SISG. Elevated subsurface concentrations of dissolved Al (> 4 nM) in the southwest Indian Ocean west of 45–50°E are most likely sustained by leakage of Al-rich waters from the Agulhas Return Current. Along the southeast African margin, the elevated particulate Fe (up to 230 nM) and Al (up to 690 nM) concentrations reflect the resuspension and transport of shelf sediments by the highly energetic Agulhas Current. However, while the particulate inputs at the margin are massive and appear to supply modest amounts of dissolved Fe, the distribution of dissolved Al is decoupled from the particulate phase. This observation suggests that the elevated subsurface dissolved Al concentrations observed near the African shelf are not the result of sediment resuspension processes occurring in situ along I05 but are more likely an advected signal originating from the upper reaches of the Agulhas Current. date: 2015-11-20 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Grand, Maxime M., Measures, Christopher I., Hatta, Mariko, Morton, Peter L., Barrett, Pamela, Milne, Angela, Resing, Joseph A. and Landing, William M. (2015) The impact of circulation and dust deposition in controlling the distributions of dissolved Fe and Al in the south Indian subtropical gyre. Marine Chemistry, 176, 110-125. (doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.08.002 ). relation: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420315300281 relation: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.08.002 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/471589/ title: Middle-class mothers’ participation in tutoring for spoken English: a case of unlocking middle-class identity and privilege in contemporary India creator: Gupta, Achala description:

Sociological inquiries on parental involvement seldom consider the investments parents make in themselves to realise educational advantages in their children's schooling. This gap hides the processes underlying class-making and class-produced privileges. To address this gap, this article investigates middle-class mothers’ participation in tutoring and coaching for spoken English in Dehradun, India, focusing on their reasons for soliciting such paid tutoring support. It shows that mothers subscribe to these services to facilitate home-teaching, productive communication with their children, and effective home-school partnerships. Mothers’ subscription to private tuition emerges in this context as a source of cultural capital that parents use to unlock their middle-class identity and privilege in the educational landscape. The article argues that English private tutoring is a case of a capital exchange–economic for cultural and social forms of capital–which parents may use to accumulate key resources and produce, maintain, and intergenerationally sustain their middle-classness.

date: 2022-10-17 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_nc_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/471589/1/Gupta.28Sept22.docx format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/471589/2/Middle_class_mothers_participation_in_tutoring_for_spoken_English_a_case_of_unlocking_middle_class_identity_and_privilege_in_contemporary_India_1_.pdf identifier: Gupta, Achala (2022) Middle-class mothers’ participation in tutoring for spoken English: a case of unlocking middle-class identity and privilege in contemporary India. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. (doi:10.1080/01596306.2022.2131738 ). relation: 10.1080/01596306.2022.2131738 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/470841/ title: Revisiting educational advantage and social class: a Bourdieusian analysis of middle-class parents’ investment in private schooling and shadow education creator: Gupta, Achala description: This article provides a Bourdieusian analysis of middle-class parents’ investment in private schooling and shadow education (tutoring support) in India, thus contributes to the scholarship of class-based educational advantage. It unveils parents’ aspirations for their children’s education and investigates how these aspirations shape the demand for private education. Bringing into sharp focus the complexity of social privilege, this article discusses how middle-class parents’ articulation of their lack of valued cultural capital informs their decision to invest in private schools. However, parents’ views on their ineffective involvement in their children’s education produce a perceived home disadvantage, which parents compensate for by investing in tutoring services. The article argues that investing in private education – both in formal educational institutions and tutoring centres – is a case of ‘capital exchange’ (transfer of economic capital to secure cultural capital) exercised by privileged social groups to ‘purchase’ valuable educational resources, thus reproducing their social class position. date: 2022-09-28 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/470841/1/Manuscript_with_author_details.docx format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/470841/2/Revisiting_educational_advantage_and_social_class_a_Bourdieusian_analysis_of_middle_class_parents_investment_in_private_schooling_and_shadow_education.pdf identifier: Gupta, Achala (2022) Revisiting educational advantage and social class: a Bourdieusian analysis of middle-class parents’ investment in private schooling and shadow education. British Journal of Sociology of Education. (doi:10.1080/01425692.2022.2126824 ). relation: 10.1080/01425692.2022.2126824 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/487679/ title: The Indian sundarbans: biogeochemical dynamics and anthropogenic impacts creator: Henderson, Andrew C.G. creator: Das, Sourav creator: Ghosh, Tuhin creator: Panizzo, Virginia N. creator: Moorhouse, Heather L. creator: Roberts, Lucy R. creator: Walton, Richard E. creator: Zheng, Ying creator: Bass, Adrian M. creator: McGowan, Suzanne description: The Sundarbans region is one of the richest ecosystems in the world and is located on one of the world's largest deltas - the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system. The Indian Sundarbans have exceptional biodiversity, including rare and globally threatened species, and is made up of a mangrove forest ecosystem with an interconnected network of rivers. The hydrology of the Sundarbans underpin ecosystem health and the potential impact of humans on the region, as the tidal cycle changes water salinity diurnally and freshwater supply changes seasonally with the monsoon. The Indian Sundarbans face multiple pressures with both a reduction in freshwater supply and rising relative sea-level, leading to increased salinization of the mangrove forest. Human-driven alteration of the Sundarbans river catchments is reducing sediment flow, and when coupled with land-use change, is leading to subsidence, deforestation, nutrient enrichment, and heavy metal pollutants impacting the health of the ecosystem. All of these impacts have important ramifications for carbon fluxes that could exacerbate climate change and ecosystem health. In this chapter, we present an overview of our current understanding of biogeochemical dynamics and anthropogenic impacts on the Indian Sundarbans, with a particular focus on water quality, aquatic ecology, and carbon dynamics. publisher: Springer Cham contributor: Das, S. contributor: Ghosh, T. date: 2021-04-16 type: Book Section type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Henderson, Andrew C.G., Das, Sourav, Ghosh, Tuhin, Panizzo, Virginia N., Moorhouse, Heather L., Roberts, Lucy R., Walton, Richard E., Zheng, Ying, Bass, Adrian M. and McGowan, Suzanne (2021) The Indian sundarbans: biogeochemical dynamics and anthropogenic impacts. In, Das, S. and Ghosh, T. (eds.) Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics of the East Coast of India. (Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics of the East Coast of India) 1 ed. Springer Cham, pp. 239-260. (doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68980-3_15 ). relation: 10.1007/978-3-030-68980-3_15 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/9818/ title: Localized rifting at Chagos Bank in the India-Capricorn plate boundary zone creator: Henstock, Timothy J. creator: Minshull, Timothy A. description: Chagos Bank is a region of thick crust in the central Indian Ocean where a concentration of seismicity indicates that extension is ongoing. We have modeled bathymetry and gravity data to show that the crust-mantle boundary shallows near a seabed trough, consistent with a total extension of ~15 km over a zone ;50 km broad. This estimate is consistent with 5–10 m.y. of deformation at the present rate of relative India-Capricorn motion; the ~15 km of extension is toward the lower limit of the total extension expected from magnetic anomaly reconstructions, but would be accumulated in 1–3 m.y. in a regime having the present-day seismicity. We attribute the localization of seismicity beneath Chagos Bank to a weak rheology caused by its thick crust. date: 2004 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Henstock, Timothy J. and Minshull, Timothy A. (2004) Localized rifting at Chagos Bank in the India-Capricorn plate boundary zone. Geology, 32 (3), 237-240. (doi:10.1130/G19850.1 ). relation: 10.1130/G19850.1 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/437954/ title: Shelf‐break upwelling and productivity over the North Kenya Banks: The importance of large‐scale ocean dynamics creator: Jacobs, Z. L. creator: Jebri, F. creator: Raitsos, D. E. creator: Popova, E. creator: Srokosz, M. creator: Painter, S.C. creator: Nencioli, F. creator: Roberts, M. creator: Kamau, J. creator: Palmer, M. creator: Wihsgott, J. description: The North Kenya Banks (NKBs) have recently emerged as a new frontier for food security and could become an economically important fishery for Kenya with improved resources providing better accessibility. Little research has been done on the mechanisms supporting high fish productivity over the NKBs with information on annual and interannual environmental variability lacking. Here we use a high‐resolution, global, biogeochemical ocean model with remote sensing observations to demonstrate that the ocean circulation exerts an important control on the productivity over the NKBs. During the Northeast Monsoon, which occurs from December to February, upwelling occurs along the Kenyan coast, which is topographically enhanced over the NKBs. Additionally, enhanced upwelling events, associated with widespread cool temperatures, elevated chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, and phytoplankton biomass, can occur over this region. Eight such modeled events, characterized by primary production exceeding 1.3 g C/m−2/day, were found to occur during January or February from 1993–2015. Even though the upwelling is always rooted to the NKBs, the position, spatial extent, and intensity of the upwelling exhibit considerable interannual variability. The confluence zone between the Somali Current and East African Coastal Current (referred to as the Somali‐Zanzibar Confluence Zone) forms during the Northeast Monsoon and is highly variable. We present evidence that when the Somali‐Zanzibar Confluence Zone is positioned further south, it acts to enhance shelf‐edge upwelling and productivity over the NKBs. These findings provide the first indication of the environmental controls that need to be considered when developing plans for the sustainable exploitation of the NKB fishery. date: 2020-01-10 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/437954/1/Jacobs_et_al_2020_Journal_of_Geophysical_Research_Oceans.pdf identifier: Jacobs, Z. L., Jebri, F., Raitsos, D. E., Popova, E., Srokosz, M., Painter, S.C., Nencioli, F., Roberts, M., Kamau, J., Palmer, M. and Wihsgott, J. (2020) Shelf‐break upwelling and productivity over the North Kenya Banks: The importance of large‐scale ocean dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125 (1), [e2019JC015519]. (doi:10.1029/2019JC015519 ). relation: 10.1029/2019JC015519 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41836/ title: Ocean control of the breeding regime of the sooty tern in the southwest Indian Ocean creator: Jaquemet, S. creator: Le Corre, M. creator: Quartly, G.D. description: Food availability, which is often seasonal, is regarded as a key factor in the breeding success of seabirds. In oceanic tropical areas, the resources are mostly patchy and ephemeral at the surface, and the seasonality is less marked than at higher latitudes. Such a situation influences greatly the breeding strategies of the oceanic seabird species. We conducted a comparative study of the breeding phenology of the sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) in relation to the local and regional oceanographic conditions around the four major colonies (Europa, Juan de Nova, Lys and Bird Islands) of the southwest Indian Ocean. Over the 1997-2003 period, around all the studied locations, the sea-surface temperature (SST) and the chlorophyll concentration in the Mozambique Channel and the Seychelles area showed clear seasonal differences related to the southern climate and the monsoon phenomena. The breeding activity is synchronized at each studied colony, but the timings are very different. Seasonal reproduction occurs in austral winter at Europa and Bird Island and in austral summer at Juan de Nova; at Lys Island the reproduction is non-seasonal. For the seasonal colonies, there is a large monthly change in SST just before the beginning of reproduction, which is a proxy indicating the annual phytoplankton bloom. This variation is accompanied by the development of oceanic features such as fronts that favour aggregation of prey, and may also play an important role in the presence of schools of surface tuna, which are very important for the foraging success of sooty terns. Conversely, around Lys Island the seasonal variations of the marine environment do not lead to pronounced development of oceanic structures, and consequently, the longer-lasting phytoplankton bloom could explain the non-seasonal breeding regime there. Further studies will help discern the advantages and disadvantages of seasonal and non-seasonal reproduction regime in response to unpredictable fluctuations of the marine environment. date: 2007-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41836/1/DSR_sterna_Jaquemet_Corre_GQ.pdf identifier: Jaquemet, S., Le Corre, M. and Quartly, G.D. (2007) Ocean control of the breeding regime of the sooty tern in the southwest Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 54 (1), 130-142. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.10.003 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.10.003 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382940/ title: The absent pirate: exceeding justice in the Indian Ocean creator: Jones, Stephanie description: Legal, literary and visual archives are replete with absent pirates. It is remarkable how often the pirate is only partly delineated or seen from a distance, is ghostly, or plotted off-stage. These figurations variously nerve and unnerve imperial discourses and narratives of justice. This paper addresses some recent, fictional non-representations of ‘the Somali pirate’. I propose that this absenting of the pirate is critical to the texts’ various approaches or reproaches to justice. I further suggest that these fictions are concerned with an ethics of proximity – of physical space and geographical affect – that exceeds the primacy and virtue of ‘justice’. date: 2015-09-28 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382940/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_personalfiles_users_sj4_mydesktop_AbsentPirateJEAS.pdf identifier: Jones, Stephanie (2015) The absent pirate: exceeding justice in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9 (3), 522-535. (doi:10.1080/17531055.2015.1087682 ). relation: 10.1080/17531055.2015.1087682 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/146019/ title: Colonial to postcolonial ethics: Indian Ocean "belongers", 1668-2008 creator: Jones, Stephanie description: The essay begins with an exploration of how Henry Neville's fictional Isle of Pines (1668) plays through ideas of Arcadia, utopia, British colonial ambition, and ideas of belonging towards a critical commentary on government accountability under a constitutional rule of law. It then more fully traces how, nearly three and a half centuries later, the real islands closest to Neville's fictional isle - the Chagos Archipelago - are still being traversed by a similar interaction of narratives, and remain the site of a highly fraught constitutional debate on the legality of British executive action.

The Chagossian Islanders were expelled by the British government in the 1960s in order to satisfy a lease agreement with the United States government, which required the 'uninhabited' islands for the establishment of a military base. In their battle to have their expulsion declared illegal, exiled Chagossians challenged the scope of the government's prerogative powers when dealing with colonial lands and subjects.

This essay argues that the line of UK judgments on the Chagos (2000, 2006, 2007 and dissenting judgments of 2008) crucially relies on a half-subdued but at times lyrical, legally open and provocative evocation of what it means to be a 'belonger' of a place. Through a consideration of the legislative histories of this word; through scrutiny of its indeterminate relationship to notions of citizenship, indigeneity, nationality and the language of 'rights'; and through an engagement with broader cultural narratives of belonging, the essay moves towards a valuing of the potential of public law to lend both ethically nuanced and practical meaning to terms of belonging. date: 2009-07 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/146019/1/BelongersPaper.pdf identifier: Jones, Stephanie (2009) Colonial to postcolonial ethics: Indian Ocean "belongers", 1668-2008. [in special issue: Things Fall Apart at 50] Interventions, 11 (2), 212-234. (doi:10.1080/13698010903053287 ). relation: 10.1080/13698010903053287 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382936/ title: A new nomos offshore and bodies as their own signs creator: Jones, Stephanie creator: Motha, Stewart description: This paper begins with the paradoxes that accrue around the appearance of Robinson Crusoe and his “Man Friday” within recent judgments relating to the Chagos Archipelago. These references are understood as revealing the complex of anxieties and limits that are the final legacy of these rulings. In particular, we trace the ways in which – through Daniel Defoe's iconic characters – these judgments enact a troubling retreat from review of executive action, and a fuller withdrawal of sensibility from situations of “otherness” that both bear and cannot bear analogy to that of Friday. The paper then more briefly considers a similar complex of anxieties and limits, retreats and withdrawals enacted by recent judgments relating to Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. This allows us to suggest that between these two series of highest court rulings, the Anglophone common law is currently constructing the Indian Ocean as an offshore: a site excised from judicial review, and a site in which certain figures – peoples, individuals – are not considerable in both senses of the word. But in fathoming this, we turn to Derrida's insights on sovereignty to argue that, far from being new, this construction of a common law of the Indian Ocean tells us about the affront of an archaic sovereignty that always already determines and is determined by law. Across the arguments of this paper, these perceptions of judgment, geography and sovereignty are enabled by literature, and specifically by reading the return of Crusoe and Friday in a recent novel form (by J. M. Coetzee) that also broaches the limits of judgment and recognition, but through a kind of vigilant silence – an abstinence – that craves an alternative commonality: and in this very longing, resists the silencing complicities of the UK and Australian judgments with the disembodiment of a littoral nomos, offshore date: 2015-08-17 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382936/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_personalfiles_users_sj4_mydesktop_CrusoeFridayChagosLawandLit.pdf identifier: Jones, Stephanie and Motha, Stewart (2015) A new nomos offshore and bodies as their own signs. Law and Literature, 27 (2), 253-278. (doi:10.1080/1535685X.2015.1034479 ). relation: 10.1080/1535685X.2015.1034479 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/418827/ title: Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: Indian perspective creator: Kabra, S.K. creator: Madhulika, G.K. creator: Connett, G.J. creator: Rolles, C.J. description:

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the common life limiting inherited diseases in Caucasian population. Recent reports suggest that the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in Indian children is missed or delayed due to low index of suspicion. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is suspected by the typical clinical features and should be confirmed by doing sweat chloride estimation. If sweat test is not available, ancillary tests including blood electrolyte and acid base balance, airway microbiology, tests to identify pancreatic insufficiency and semen analysis for obstructive azoospermia in post pubertal boys should be carried out. Positive results of these tests make the suspicion very strong. A strongly suspected case should be treated as cystic fibrosis, but for giving a diagnosis of CF, sweat test should be done from the nearest centre where it is available. In the presence of typical clinical features with borderline sweat chloride values sweat test should be repeated 2-3 times and the child should be investigated for alternative diagnosis. In the absence of alternative diagnosis with consistently high or borderline sweat chloride values an attempt should be made to get tests for mutations. (Indian J Pediatr 1999; 66 : 923-928).

date: 1999-11 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Kabra, S.K., Madhulika, G.K., Connett, G.J. and Rolles, C.J. (1999) Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: Indian perspective. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 66 (6), 923-928. (doi:10.1007/BF02723869 ). relation: 10.1007/BF02723869 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65656/ title: Early (pre-8 Ma) fault activity and temporal strain accumulation in the central Indian Ocean creator: Krishna, K.S. creator: Bull, J.M. creator: Scrutton, R.A. description: The diffuse deformation zone in the central Indian Ocean is the classical example of distributed deformation of the oceanic lithosphere with shortening between the Indian and Capricorn plates manifest as reverse faulting (5–10 km spaced faults) and long-wavelength (100–300 km) folding. The onset of this deformation is commonly regarded as a key far-field indicator for the start of major uplift of the Himalayas and Tibet, some 4000 km further to the north, due to increased deviatoric stresses within the wider India-Asia area. There has been disagreement concerning the likely timing for the onset of deformation between plate motion inversions and seismic reflection-based studies. In the present study, fault displacement data from seismic reflection profiles within the central Indian Ocean demonstrate that compressional activity started much earlier, at around 15.4–13.9 Ma. We reconstruct that 12% of the total reverse fault population had been activated, and 14% of the total strain accumulated, prior to a sharp increase in the deformation rate at 8.0–7.5 Ma. There is no evidence for any regional unconformity before 8.0–7.5 Ma, early shortening was accommodated by activity on single isolated fault blocks. Total strain estimates derived are more variable and complex than those predicted from plate inversion and do not show simple west to east increase. date: 2009-04 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65656/1/Krishna_Geology_inpress.pdf identifier: Krishna, K.S., Bull, J.M. and Scrutton, R.A. (2009) Early (pre-8 Ma) fault activity and temporal strain accumulation in the central Indian Ocean. Geology, 37 (3), 227-230. (doi:10.1130/G25265A.1 ). relation: http://geology.gsapubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/3/227 relation: 10.1130/G25265A.1 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7909/ title: Evidence for multiphase folding of the central Indian Ocean lithosphere creator: Krishna, K.S. creator: Bull, J.M. creator: Scrutton, R.A. description: Long-wavelength (100–300 km) folding in the central Indian Ocean associated with the diffuse plate boundary separating the Indian, Australian, and Capricorn plates is Earth's most convincing example of organized large-scale lithospheric deformation. To test the timing and mechanics of this deformation as implied by plate- kinematic and deformation models, we present a new analysis of the seismic stratigraphy of the Bengal Fan sediments. This analysis shows that the folding of the oceanic lithosphere was multiphase, with major events occurring in the Miocene (8.0–7.5 Ma), Pliocene (5.0–4.0 Ma), and Pleistocene (0.8 Ma). The Miocene phase was the most intense and involved deformation of an area south of 1°S, whereas in the Pliocene the activity shifted northward. In the final phase (Pleistocene), the activity was focused in the equatorial region. No evidence was found for deformation prior to 8.0–7.5 Ma. The spatial extent of the Pleistocene folding event overlaps the Pliocene and/or Miocene folding events and coincides with both the area of most active faulting and the zone of greatest historical seismicity. The seismic data show that the timing of reverse faulting, and thus more significant shortening of the lithosphere, generally coincided with the phases of folding, but there are examples of folding of the oceanic lithosphere without associated reverse faulting. date: 2001 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7909/1/__userfiles.soton.ac.uk_Users_nl2_mydesktop_Deposits_Krishna_et_al_2001_authors_version_with_figures.pdf identifier: Krishna, K.S., Bull, J.M. and Scrutton, R.A. (2001) Evidence for multiphase folding of the central Indian Ocean lithosphere. Geology, 29 (8), 715-718. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0715:EFMFOT>2.0.CO;2 2.0.CO;2>). relation: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0715:EFMFOT>2.0.CO;2 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/446694/ title: (Re)presentation of women in Indian accountancy bodies' websites. creator: Kyriacou, Orthodoxia creator: Baskaran, Angathevar creator: Pancholi, Jatin description: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the representation of women in two Indian accounting professional bodies? websites; The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), and The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI). Design /methodology/approach ? The paper uses content analysis to explore the content of the websites of the ICAI and ICWAI. The paper provides a multi-disciplinary framework to explore the Indian accountancy bodies? presentation of self through their websites. Findings- The paper finds that the two Indian bodies appear to be visibly masculine; the representation of women in these two websites is either weak or non-existent. Further, the paper finds that the language used in these sites largely excludes women by referring predominately to the masculine as representing the norm. Research limitations - The content analysis has its own inherent limitations, together with the use of the information contained on the websites. Practical implications ? The paper has important practical implications for policy initiatives. It argues for greater consistency in the use of inclusive language and for careful consideration of the ways that women are portrayed on the websites. Originality/value- The value of this paper rests on the exploration of the two Indian accountancy bodies? websites and in encouraging debate on women?s professional accountancy issues, in a country which is increasingly driven by globalised market forces. date: 2010 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Kyriacou, Orthodoxia, Baskaran, Angathevar and Pancholi, Jatin (2010) (Re)presentation of women in Indian accountancy bodies' websites. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 7 (3), 329-352. (doi:10.1108/11766091011072783/full/html ). relation: 10.1108/11766091011072783/full/html language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/15791/ title: A deep-sea slant on the molecular phylogeny of the Scleractinia creator: Le Goff-Vitry, M.C. creator: Rogers, A.D. creator: Baglow, D. description: Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata are azooxanthellate corals with nearly cosmopolitan distributions. They form cold-water reefs in the upper bathyal zone on continental margins and offshore banks [A.D. Rogers, Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 84 (1999) 315]. Lophelia is classified in the family Caryophylliidae and Madrepora in the family Oculinidae, both on the basis of skeletal morphology. Recent molecular studies of the scleractinians have given a new insight into the evolutionary history of this group. This study was aimed at clarifying the phylogenetic relationships of Lophelia and Madrepora, through the analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA. Sequences were obtained for samples of L. pertusa collected in the northeast Atlantic and off Brazil, M. oculata, four other deep-sea and eight tropical coral species from the Réunion island in the Indian Ocean. The sequences were aligned with 69 homologous sequences of Scleractinia. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses support previously published molecular topologies. The two specimens of L. pertusa grouped with two caryophylliids, confirming the existing classification of the species, but the large genetic distance between the two Lophelia samples suggests that these populations are genetically isolated from one another. M. oculata did not cluster with oculinids, but formed a monotypic clade lying between the families Pocilloporidae and Caryophyliidae. Phylogenetic analysis also suggested cryptic speciation within the tropical taxa Pocillopora meandriana and possibly Acropora humilis. date: 2004 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Le Goff-Vitry, M.C., Rogers, A.D. and Baglow, D. (2004) A deep-sea slant on the molecular phylogeny of the Scleractinia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30 (1), 167-177. (doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00162-3 ). relation: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00162-3 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/451208/ title: Hydro-climatic characteristics of Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum creator: Liu, Shuang creator: Hu, Kaiheng creator: Liu, Weiming creator: Carling, Paul description: Global climate changes significantly impact the water condition of big rivers in glacierized high mountains. However, there is a lack of studies on hydrological changes within river basins caused by climate change over a geological timescale due to the impossibility of direct observations. In this study, we examine the hydro-climatic variation of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin in the Tibet Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by combining δ18O proxy records in Indian and Omani caves with the simulated Indian summer monsoon, surface temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff via Community Climate System Model and reconstructed glacier coverage via Parallel Ice Sheet Model. The mean river runoff was kept around a low level of 145 billion cubic meters per year until an abrupt increase at a rate of 8.7 million cubic meters per year in the Bølling-Allerød interval (BA). The annual runoff reached a maximum of 250 billion cubic meters in the early Holocene and then reduced to the current value of 180 billion cubic meters at a rate of 6.4 million cubic meters per year. The low runoff in the LGM and Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) is likely attributed to such a small contribution of precipitation to runoff and large glacier cover. The percentage of precipitation to runoff was only 20% during the LGM and HS1. Comparison of glacier area among different periods indicates that the fastest deglaciation occurred during the late HS1, when nearly 60% of glacier area disappeared in the middle reach, 50% in the upper reach, and 30% in the lower reach. The rapid deglaciation and increasing runoff between the late HS1 and BA may accelerate widespread ice-dam breaches and lead to extreme outburst flood events. Combining local geological proxy records and regional simulations could be a useful approach for the study of paleo-hydrologic variations in big basins. date: 2021-09-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/451208/1/Keifeng_accepted_manuscript.docx identifier: Liu, Shuang, Hu, Kaiheng, Liu, Weiming and Carling, Paul (2021) Hydro-climatic characteristics of Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. (In Press) language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/385697/ title: Looking East: St Helena, the South Atlantic and Britain’s Indian Ocean world creator: McAleer, John description: The British interest and presence in the South Atlantic Ocean and in South America represent, in the words of Eliga Gould, the kind of “entangled histories” increasingly recognised and studied by scholars of imperial, colonial and maritime history. From the beginning of the eighteenth century, the region was most frequently seen as the “key” to the Pacific Ocean. This paper, however, focuses on the place of this oceanic area, its islands and its coastal littorals in another “gateway zone”: the entrance to, and exit from, Britain's Indian Ocean world and the riches of Asia. The strategic location of various South Atlantic islands and South American colonial entrepôts played on the minds of politicians, policy-makers, publicists and merchants in London, as well as colonial governors and military commanders on station. Drawing on the archival riches of the East India Company, as well as primary published material such as pamphlets and prospectuses, this paper will explore the interaction of the Atlantic and Indian oceans at this maritime fault-line. The discussion will demonstrate, for example, how the “barren and rocky isle” of St Helena, “abandoned to a state of hopeless destitution in the solitude of the ocean,” could be regarded as an “essential part of the British Empire.” And similarly, it will demonstrate how places such as Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro and Tristan da Cunha were regarded in relation to the rising British Empire in Asia. More broadly, the region cannot be understood, this paper suggests, without considering the wider context of British imperial and commercial activity in the period and, more specifically, the growing importance of British trading and political interests in the East Indies. date: 2016-01-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/385697/1/McAleer_Atlantic%2520Studies_Looking%2520East.pdf identifier: McAleer, John (2016) Looking East: St Helena, the South Atlantic and Britain’s Indian Ocean world. Atlantic Studies, 13 (1), 78-98. (doi:10.1080/14788810.2015.1101643 ). relation: 10.1080/14788810.2015.1101643 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/63771/ title: The circulation of the Indian Ocean at 32°S creator: McDonagh, Elaine L. creator: Bryden, Harry L. creator: King, Brian A. creator: Sanders, Richard J. description: Using inverse methods a circulation for a new section along 32°S in the Indian Ocean is derived with a maximum in the overturning stream function (or deep overturning) of 10.3 Sv at 3310 m. Shipboard and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data are used to inform the choice of reference level velocity for the initial geostrophic field. Our preferred solution includes a silicate constraint (?312 ± 380 kmol s?1) consistent with an Indonesian throughflow of 12 Sv. The overturning changes from 12.3 Sv at 3270 m when the silicate constraint is omitted to 10.3 Sv when it is included. The deep overturning varies by only ±0.7 Sv as the silicate constraint varies from +68 to ?692 kmol s?1, and by ±0.3 Sv as the net flux across the section, driven by the Indonesian throughflow, varies from ?7 to ?17 Sv with an appropriately scaled silicate flux constraint. Thus, the overturning is insensitive to the size of the Indonesian throughflow and silicate constraint within their apriori uncertainties. We find that the use of the ADCP data adds significant detail to the horizontal circulation. These resolved circulations include the Agulhas Undercurrent, deep cyclonic gyres and deep fronts, features evidenced by long term integrators of the flow such as current meter and float measurements as well as water properties.
date: 2008-10 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: McDonagh, Elaine L., Bryden, Harry L., King, Brian A. and Sanders, Richard J. (2008) The circulation of the Indian Ocean at 32°S. Progress in Oceanography, 79 (1), 20-36. (doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.07.001 ). relation: 10.1016/j.pocean.2008.07.001 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/1284/ title: Magmato-tectonic cyclicity at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence from variations of axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hills pattern creator: Mendel, V. creator: Sauter, D. creator: Rommevaux-jestin, C. creator: Patriat, P. creator: Lefebvre, F. creator: Parson, L.M. description: On-axis deep tow side scan sonar data are used together with off-axis bathymetric data to investigate the temporal variations of the accretion processes at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Differences in the length and height of the axial volcanic ridges and various degrees of deformation of these volcanic constructions are observed in side scan sonar images of the ridge segments. We interpret these differences as stages in an evolutionary life cycle of axial volcanic ridge development, including periods of volcanic construction and periods of tectonic dismemberment. Using off-axis bathymetric data, we identify numerous abyssal hills with a homogeneous size for each segment. These abyssal hills all display an asymmetric shape, with a steep faulted scarp facing toward the axis and a gentle dipping volcanic slope facing away. We suggest that these hills are remnants of old split axial volcanic ridges that have been transported onto the flanks and that they result from successive periods of magmatic construction and tectonic dismemberment, i.e., a magmato-tectonic cycle. We observe that large abyssal hills are in ridge sections of thicker crust, whereas smaller abyssal hills are in ridge sections of thinner crust. This suggests that the magma supply controls the size of abyssal hills. The abyssal hills in ridge sections of thinner crust are regularly spaced, indicating that the magmato-tectonic cycle is a pseudoperiodic process that lasts ~0.4 m.y., about 4 to 6 times shorter than in ridge sections of thicker crust. We suggest that the regularity of the abyssal hills pattern is related to the persistence of a nearly constant magma supply beneath long-lived segments. By contrast, when magma supply strongly decreases and becomes highly discontinuous, regular abyssal hills patterns are no longer observed. date: 2003 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Mendel, V., Sauter, D., Rommevaux-jestin, C., Patriat, P., Lefebvre, F. and Parson, L.M. (2003) Magmato-tectonic cyclicity at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence from variations of axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hills pattern. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 (5), art. 09102. (doi:10.1029/2002GC000417 ). relation: 10.1029/2002GC000417 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383914/ title: Crustal structure of the Murray Ridge, northwest Indian Ocean, from wide-angle seismic data creator: Minshull, T.A. creator: Edwards, R.A. creator: Flueh, E.R. description: The Murray Ridge/Dalrymple Trough system forms the boundary between the Indian and Arabian plates in the northern Arabian Sea. Geodetic constraints from the surrounding continents suggest that this plate boundary is undergoing oblique extension at a rate of a few millimetres per year. We present wide-angle seismic data that constrains the composition of the Ridge and of adjacent lithosphere beneath the Indus Fan. We infer that Murray Ridge, like the adjacent Dalrymple Trough, is underlain by continental crust, while a thin crustal section beneath the Indus Fan represents thinned continental crust or exhumed serpentinized mantle that forms part of a magma-poor rifted margin. Changes in crustal structure across the Murray Ridge and Dalrymple Trough can explain short-wavelength gravity anomalies, but a long-wavelength anomaly must be attributed to deeper density contrasts that may result from a large age contrast across the plate boundary. The origin of this fragment of continental crust remains enigmatic, but the presence of basement fabrics to the south that are roughly parallel to Murray Ridge suggests that it separated from the India/Seychelles/Madagascar block by extension during early breakup of Gondwana. date: 2015-07 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383914/1/Geophys.%2520J.%2520Int.-2015-Minshull-454-63.pdf identifier: Minshull, T.A., Edwards, R.A. and Flueh, E.R. (2015) Crustal structure of the Murray Ridge, northwest Indian Ocean, from wide-angle seismic data. Geophysical Journal International, 202 (1), 454-463. (doi:10.1093/gji/ggv162 ). relation: 10.1093/gji/ggv162 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/46520/ title: Effects of annual changes in primary productivity and ocean indices on the breeding performance of tropical roseate terns in the western Indian Ocean creator: Monticelli, David creator: Ramos, Jaime A creator: Quartly, Graham D description: We assessed the influence of inter-annual changes in primary productivity and local, regional and large scale ocean indices on the breeding parameters of roseate terns S. dougallii on Aride Island, Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. Productivity (chicks/breeding pair), timing of breeding, clutch and egg sizes were monitored annually for 8 years and correlated with local ocean productivity (denoted by SeaWiFS estimates of chlorophyll concentration, CC), sea surface temperature and indices recording the status of the Indian Ocean Dipole and of El Niño. The rate of increase in CC (between mean laying date and CC peak value) was positively related to roseate tern productivity and mean clutch size over the 1998-2005 study period. Colony productivity seemed also to be influenced by the Multivariate El Niño Index. In most years, the breeding phenology of roseate terns corresponded to the local increase in CC around Aride, and failure to adjust timing of reproduction to the timing of the phytopankton bloom decreased the probability of breeding success. This is the first study showing that a tropical seabird species is sensitive to inter-annual variations in the intensity and timing of the phytoplankton bloom, which should be connected to annual variations in the availability of its main fish prey (juvenile goatfish). Overall, these patterns indicate that the reproduction of this top marine predator is dictated by the temporal variability in oceanographic conditions. We suggest that CC data available over the world’s oceans may be a useful tool to develop models predicting the fate of colonies of inshore feeding seabirds when other, more conventional monitoring methods cannot be used. date: 2007-12-06 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/46520/1/MEPS_Monticelli_R_Q.pdf identifier: Monticelli, David, Ramos, Jaime A and Quartly, Graham D (2007) Effects of annual changes in primary productivity and ocean indices on the breeding performance of tropical roseate terns in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 351, 273-286. (doi:10.3354/meps07119 ). relation: http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2007/351/m351p273.pdf relation: 10.3354/meps07119 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7830/ title: Crustal structure of the Southwest Indian Ridge at the Atlantis II Fracture Zone creator: Muller, M.R. creator: Minshull, T.A. creator: White, R.S. date: 2000 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Muller, M.R., Minshull, T.A. and White, R.S. (2000) Crustal structure of the Southwest Indian Ridge at the Atlantis II Fracture Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (B11), 25809-25828. relation: http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/jb0011/2000JB900262/pdf/2000JB900262.pdf relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/2141/ title: Monsoon dredging - the Carlsberg Ridge reveals all creator: Murton, B. date: 2003 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Murton, B. (2003) Monsoon dredging - the Carlsberg Ridge reveals all. Challenger Wave, August 2003, p.1. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/5998/ title: Huge underwater lava lake found creator: Murton, B. date: 2001 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Murton, B. (2001) Huge underwater lava lake found. NERC News, Autumn 2001, 12-13. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/6018/ title: Effects on ridge segmentation, magmatic plumbing and eruption style caused by weak hot-spot to ridge interaction: the Central Indian Ridge and Rodriguez hot-spot couplet (abstract of paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 10-14 Dec 2001) creator: Murton, B.J. creator: Parson, L.M. creator: Sauter, D. date: 2001 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Murton, B.J., Parson, L.M. and Sauter, D. (2001) Effects on ridge segmentation, magmatic plumbing and eruption style caused by weak hot-spot to ridge interaction: the Central Indian Ridge and Rodriguez hot-spot couplet (abstract of paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 10-14 Dec 2001). EOS: Transactions American Geophysical Union, 82 (47, Supplement), p.F1169. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/406/ title: Cruise Report: CD149 – RRS Charles Darwin 18th July to 6th August, 2003. Spreading-ridge geometry, hydrothermal activity, and the influence of modern and ancient hotspots on the Carlsberg Ridge - northwestern Indian Ocean creator: Murton, B.J. creator: Taylor, R.N. description: Cruise CD149 on board the RRS Charles Darwin aimed to explore the Carlsberg Ridge, Northern Indian Ocean. The cruise recovered multibeam swath bathymetry (EM12), dredge samples from 20 stations, water column profiles from 16 stations and water samples from one station, between 57 and 61.5°E. The initial results were: a discovery of a hydrothermal super plume – a plume signal rising 1200m above the seafloor and extending 30km along the ridge crest (named by the ship’s company as the iGass Plume); recovery of an extinct hydrothermal site with oxidised sulphide chimney fragments; imagery of a megamullion site with recovery of dolerite, flazer gabbro and moderately fresh peridotite from a core complex of lower crust and upper mantle; and fresh basaltic glass samples from 95% of the sites sampled.
Until this cruise, the western Carlsberg Ridge was almost unknown, with only two or three poorly located rock samples, no continuous bathymetry, only a few single-track geophysics lines and no exploration for hydrothermal activity. However, the ridge is important since it probably includes the unradiogenic end-member of the Indian Ocean mantle source (at its eastern end), is likely to have a distal influence from the Afar hotspot (at its western end), and has a history of recent changes in spreading geometry reflected in an unusual segmentation pattern. It also represents a distal portion of the midocean ridge system that is connected through its eastern end only, thus having significant implications for the dispersal and colonisation of hydrothermal ecosystems. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2003 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/406/1/MURTON_CD149_report.pdf identifier: Murton, B.J. and Taylor, R.N. (2003) Cruise Report: CD149 – RRS Charles Darwin 18th July to 6th August, 2003. Spreading-ridge geometry, hydrothermal activity, and the influence of modern and ancient hotspots on the Carlsberg Ridge - northwestern Indian Ocean Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 37pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/24032/ title: Heterogeneity in southern Central Indian Ridge MORB: Implications for ridge-hot spot interaction creator: Murton, B.J. creator: Tindle, A.G. creator: Milton, J.A. creator: Sauter, D. description: Between the Rodrigues Triple Junction and the Marie Celeste fracture zone, basalts from the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) exhibit an enrichment in incompatible elements that increases in intensity northward. In addition, H2O/TiO2, Al[8], and Dy/Yb ratios increase, while Na[8] remains unchanged and Fe[8] decreases. Evolution of the enriched magma appears to be affected by elevated water contents, which lower the mantle solidus, thereby increasing the initial depth of melting, as well as delaying plagioclase crystallization. However, the enrichment affecting the northern samples is not a just function of hydrous mantle melting and crystallization. Instead of trending toward a small melt fraction from the mantle, as predicted by hydrous melting models, the CIR samples lie on a mixing line between N-MORB and a source component that closely resembles present-day Réunion hot spot lavas. Thus it appears that while hydrous melting and crystallization affect the CIR, the enriched and wet mantle originates from the Réunion hot spot, where it migrates eastward toward the CIR, against the direction of motion of the lithosphere. date: 2005 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Murton, B.J., Tindle, A.G., Milton, J.A. and Sauter, D. (2005) Heterogeneity in southern Central Indian Ridge MORB: Implications for ridge-hot spot interaction. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, Q03E20. (doi:10.1029/2004GC000798 ). relation: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005.../2004GC000798.shtml relation: 10.1029/2004GC000798 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/243/ title: RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 141, 01 Jun-11 Jul 2002. Satellite Calibration and Interior Physics of the Indian Ocean: SCIPIO creator: New, A.L. description: RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 141, SCIPIO (Satellite Calibration and Interior Physics of the Indian Ocean) provided a multidisciplinary survey of the Mascarene Ridge system in the western Indian Ocean. The principal objectives were to (a) study the flow of water masses through the Ridge system, together with their decadal-timescale variability, (b) assess the energy fluxes and mixing arising from internal waves, (c) collect in situ data for the calibration of sea-surface temperature and ocean colour sensors on the ENVISAT satellite, (d) investigate the biogeochemical properties of the water masses, and (e) measure the heat fluxes and winds, and the airflow disturbance around the ship.

The survey comprised three sections parallel with the Ridge near 64°, 60° and 57° E, joined by two other sections at 8° and 20°S. The sections comprised CTD, LADCP, and biogeochemistry (nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, biogenic gases, CFC tracers and light levels) stations to full ocean depth, at typical spacings of about 60-80 nm.

At several of these the CTD and LADCP were cycled continuously for a semidiurnal tidal cycle to study the internal waves, and the smaller 12-bottle CTD frame was used throughout (usually with 6 bottles) in order to reduce mixing effects from the trailing wake. Underway measurements were made with the shipboard ADCP, TSG, radiosondes, XBTs, and of surface meteorology, skin surface temperature, and zooplankton.

The ship's EM12 swath bathymetry system was operated continuously, and used to study certain key areas in detail. In addition, MMP (a cycling CTD) and bottom-mounted ADCP moorings were successfully laid and recovered near 8°S, 60°E, and a first deployment of the ARGODOT turbulence probe was made near 20°S, 57.5°E. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2003 type: Monograph type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/243/1/SOCCR041.pdf identifier: New, A.L. (2003) RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 141, 01 Jun-11 Jul 2002. Satellite Calibration and Interior Physics of the Indian Ocean: SCIPIO (Southampton Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 41) Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 92pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/44020/ title: On the circulation of water masses across the Mascarene Plateau in the South Indian Ocean creator: New, A.L. creator: Alderson, S.G. creator: Smeed, D.A. creator: Stansfield, K.L. description: The South Equatorial Current (SEC) is the major westward current in the South Indian Ocean. It crosses the Mascarene Plateau, an extensive range of banks and islands, near 60°E, but how this occurs has until now been unclear. Here, we present the results of a recent survey during June–July 2002 using a suite of modern instrumentation, and provide a detailed examination of this process, and the water masses involved. Upstream from the Plateau the SEC carries 50–55 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3/s) westwards between 10 and 16°S. As it approaches the Plateau, 25 Sv of this is constricted to pass over a narrow sill (about which we provide new information) between the Saya De Malha and Nazareth Banks at 12–13° S. This then forms a northern core to the SEC between 10 and 14°S downstream from the Plateau (25 Sv). The remainder of the inflow passes either around the northern edge of the Saya De Malha Bank (8–9°S) or between Mauritius and the Cargados Carajos Bank (18–20°S). The former may retroflect to flow eastwards near 8°S, joining the South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC), whereas the latter, strengthened near Mauritius by further flows from the south, forms a southern core to the SEC downstream from the Plateau (20–25 Sv between 17 and 20°S). The overall effect of the Plateau is to split the SEC into two cores. On reaching Madagascar, these cores may then form the Northeast and Southeast Madagascar Currents. The SEC also forms a sharp boundary between upper and intermediate level water masses. Subtropical Surface Water (STSW), Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are present on the southern side of the SEC, whereas Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW) and Red Sea Water (RSW) are found on its northern side. As they approach the Plateau, the STSW and SAMW are partially drawn northwards, and Tropical Surface Water (TSW) is drawn southwards, in order to flow across the sill near 12–13°S. At deeper levels, North Indian Deep Water (NIDW) passes southwards below the SEC on the western side of the Plateau, and while there is no indication of North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is present west of the Plateau. Finally, there is evidence of significant mixing in the upper and intermediate waters (the TSW, STSW, SAMW and RSW) as they pass across the sill at 12–13°S, and also in the deeper waters on the eastern side of the Plateau above the rough bottom topography of the Central Indian Ridge. date: 2007-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: New, A.L., Alderson, S.G., Smeed, D.A. and Stansfield, K.L. (2007) On the circulation of water masses across the Mascarene Plateau in the South Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 54 (1), 42-74. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.08.016 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.08.016 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355662/ title: Internal solitary waves on the Saya de Malha bank of the Mascarene Plateau: SAR observations and interpretation creator: New, A.L. creator: Magalhaes, J.M. creator: da Silva, J.C.B. description: Energetic Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) were recently discovered radiating from the central region of the Mascarene Plateau in the south-western Indian Ocean (da Silva et al., 2011). SAR imagery revealed the two-dimensional structure of the waves which propagated for several hundred kilometres in deep water both to the east and west of a sill, located near 12.5°S, 61°E between the Saya de Malha and Nazareth banks. These waves were presumed to originate from the disintegration of a large lee wave formed on the western side of the sill at the time of maximum barotropic flow to the west. In the present paper we focus instead on ISWs propagating in the shallow water above the Saya da Malha (SM) bank (to the north of the sill), rather than on those propagating in deep water (here denominated as type-I or -II waves if propagating to the west or east respectively). Analysis of an extended SAR image dataset reveals strong sea surface signatures of complex patterns of ISWs propagating over the SM bank arising from different sources. We identify three distinct types of waves, and propose suitable generation mechanisms for them using synergy from different remotely sensed datasets, together with analyses of linear phase speeds (resulting from local stratification and bathymetry). In particular, we find a family of ISWs (termed here A-type waves) which results from the disintegration of a lee wave which forms on the western slopes of SM. We also identify two further wave trains (B- and C-type waves) which we suggest result from refraction of the deep water type-I and -II waves onto the SM bank. Therefore, both B- and C-type waves can be considered to result from the same generation source as the type-I and -II waves. Finally, we consider the implications of the ISWs for mixing and biological production over the SM bank, and provide direct evidence, from ocean colour satellite images, of enhanced surface chlorophyll over a shallow topographic feature on the bank, which is consistent with the breaking of the ISWs. date: 2013-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: New, A.L., Magalhaes, J.M. and da Silva, J.C.B. (2013) Internal solitary waves on the Saya de Malha bank of the Mascarene Plateau: SAR observations and interpretation. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 79, 50-61. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.008 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.008 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/8993/ title: Physical and biochemical aspects of the flow across the Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean creator: New, A.L. creator: Stansfield, K. creator: Smythe-Wright, D. creator: Smeed, D.A. creator: Evans, A.J. creator: Alderson, S.G. description: This paper presents results from a detailed hydrographic survey of the Mascarene Plateau and surrounding area undertaken by the R.R.S. Charles Darwin in June-July 2002. We examine how the westward-flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC) crosses the Plateau, and how the structure of the flow determines the supply of nutrients to the surface waters.
We find that the flow of the SEC across the Plateau is highly dependent on the complex structure of the Banks which make up the Plateau, and that a large part of the flow is channelled between the Saya de Malha and Nazareth Banks. Furthermore, the SEC forms a sharp boundary between subtropical water masses from further south which are low in nutrients, and waters from further north which are relatively nutrient rich.
Overall, the SEC delivers relatively high levels of nutrients to the near-surface waters of the central and northern regions of the Plateau, as compared with the southern regions of the Plateau. This is partly due to uplifting of density surfaces through Ekman suction on the northern side of the SEC, and partly due to the higher levels of nutrients on those density surfaces on the northern side of the SEC. This may drive increased production of phytoplankton in these areas, which would in turn be expected to fuel increased abundances of zooplankton and higher levels of the food chain. date: 2005-01-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: New, A.L., Stansfield, K., Smythe-Wright, D., Smeed, D.A., Evans, A.J. and Alderson, S.G. (2005) Physical and biochemical aspects of the flow across the Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 363 (1826), 151-168. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1484 ). relation: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1484 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374553/ title: Along-axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (50°E) from a wide-angle seismic experiment creator: Niu, Xiongwei creator: Ruan, Aiguo creator: Li, Jiabiao creator: Minshull, T.A. creator: Sauter, Daniel creator: Wu, Zhenli creator: Qiu, Xuelin creator: Zhao, Minghui creator: Chen, Y. John creator: Singh, Satish description: The Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) is characterized by an ultraslow spreading rate, thin crust, and extensive outcrops of serpentinized peridotite. Previous studies have used geochemical and geophysical data to suggest the presence of a thicker crust at the central and shallowest portions of the SWIR, from the Prince Edward (35°30?E) to the Gallieni (52°20?E) fracture zones. Here we present a new analysis of wide-angle seismic data along the ridge 49°17?E–50°49?E. Our main conclusions are as follows: (1) we find an oceanic layer 2 of roughly constant thickness and steep velocity gradient, underlain by a layer 3 with variable thickness and low velocity gradient; (2) the crustal thickness varies from ?5 km beneath nontransform discontinuities (NTDs) up to ?10 km beneath a segment center; (3) the melt supply is focused in segment centers despite a small NTD between adjacent segments; (4) the presence of a normal upper mantle velocity indicates that no serpentinization occurs beneath this thick crust. Our observation of thick crust at an ultraslow spreading ridge adds further complexity to relationships between crustal thickness and spreading rate, and supports previous suggestions that the extent of mantle melting is not a simple function of spreading rate, and that mantle temperature or chemistry (or both) must vary significantly along axis. date: 2015-02 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_nc_nd_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374553/1/Niu_et_al-2015-Geochemistry%252C_Geophysics%252C_Geosystems.pdf identifier: Niu, Xiongwei, Ruan, Aiguo, Li, Jiabiao, Minshull, T.A., Sauter, Daniel, Wu, Zhenli, Qiu, Xuelin, Zhao, Minghui, Chen, Y. John and Singh, Satish (2015) Along-axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (50°E) from a wide-angle seismic experiment. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 16 (2), 468-485. (doi:10.1002/2014GC005645 ). relation: 10.1002/2014GC005645 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/172553/ title: Antoine, reader of his age: the textual Tentation and its intertexts of science description: This essay addresses an overlooked area of Flaubert research, the Indian religions in La Tentation de saint Antoine of 1874. Through close examination of the opening scenes of tableau five, it argues that Antoine’s reading of them provides a much more dynamic model than critical theories of text – source hunting, genetic criticism, intertextuality – for how to read the ideas of his age. By focusing on the contexts of Antoine’s encounters with the Gymnosophist and Buddha, the essay argues that very contemporary nineteenth-century scientific ideas are dressed up in the ‘Indian’ religious ones, and that the nineteenth-century texts of science that lie behind these scenes are not quite as scientific as they first appear. The essay then examines why no ‘bibliothèque fantastique’ exists of the many works in natural science that Flaubert read to inform the Tentation of 1874. Its conclusions look for answers in the interpersonal nature of Flaubert’s scientific reading, and hence the need to look beyond the text to the immediate circles of its readings. contributor: Orr, Mary date: 2011-04 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Orr, Mary (ed.) (2011) Antoine, reader of his age: the textual Tentation and its intertexts of science. Dix-Neuf, 15 (1), 115-126. (doi:10.1179/147873111X12973011702527 ). relation: 10.1179/147873111X12973011702527 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/441502/ title: The biogeochemistry and oceanography of the East African Coastal Current creator: Painter, Stuart description: The East African Coastal Current (EACC) is the dominant oceanographic influence along the coastlines of Tanzania and Kenya yet formal descriptions of the biogeochemical characteristics of these waters remain fragmented or poorly defined. Whilst the region remains undersampled, and information for many parameters is limited or even absent, the region is not understudied and complex patterns, due in part to the changing monsoon seasons, can be identified from extant observations. A critical distinction between the neritic waters of the narrow East African continental shelf, which may be more influenced by local tidal currents and terrestrial inputs, and the oligotrophic surface waters of the deeper offshelf region under the influence of the EACC can be drawn, which cautions against the extrapolation of trends or seasonal patterns from limited datasets more widely throughout the region. Permanently N-limited, low NO3-:PO43- surface waters coupled with high (>25°C) sea surface temperatures are a key feature of the EACC Ecoregion and likely responsible for the presence of a regionally important population of the nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, though information on another key requirement, iron, is lacking. Phytoplankton diversity, abundance and the spatiotemporal variability of phytoplankton populations are considered poorly known due to limited sampling efforts. Recent and growing recognition of high coral biodiversity, high reef fish species endemism, of widespread reductions in mangrove forest coverage, and growing anthropogenic pressures on coastal waters suggest that the region deserves greater multidisciplinary study. Efforts to anticipate climate induced changes to these waters, which are expected to impact local fisheries with substantial socioeconomic impacts, would benefit from greater efforts to synthesise existing biogeochemical data, much of which resides within grey literature sources, theses, project reports, remains inaccessible or has been lost. Future biogeochemical and oceanographic observational efforts should simultaneously explore shelf and deeper offshelf waters to determine shelf-to-ocean linkages and the spatiotemporal variability of parameter fields whilst also bridging the gap to research efforts on coral biodiversity, fisheries and marine management activities due to recognised gaps in underlying scientific data to support decision making in these areas. date: 2020-07 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/441502/1/EACC_synthesis_accepted.pdf identifier: Painter, Stuart (2020) The biogeochemistry and oceanography of the East African Coastal Current. Progress in Oceanography, 186, [102374]. (doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102374 ). relation: 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102374 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/6167/ title: Volcanic/tectonic characteristics of first and second order segments and ridge discontinuities under the hot-spot influence TOBI imagery from the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) adjacent to the Rodriguez system creator: Parson, L. creator: Murton, B. creator: Sauter, D. creator: Curewitz, D. creator: Okino, K. creator: German, C. creator: Leven, J. date: 2001 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Parson, L., Murton, B., Sauter, D., Curewitz, D., Okino, K., German, C. and Leven, J. (2001) Volcanic/tectonic characteristics of first and second order segments and ridge discontinuities under the hot-spot influence TOBI imagery from the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) adjacent to the Rodriguez system. EOS: Transactions American Geophysical Union, 82 (47, Supplement), p.F1169. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14867/ title: Seafloor topography and tectonic elements of the Western Indian Ocean creator: Parson, L.M. creator: Evans, A.J. description: The break-up of Gondwanaland and dispersal of several of its component continental fragments, which eventually formed the margins of the Indian Ocean, have produced an ocean basin of enormous variety, both in relief and in origin of seafloor features. The western half of the Indian Ocean alone contains every type of tectonic plate boundary, both active and fossil, and, along with some of the deepest fracture zones, the most complex mid-ocean ridge configurations and some of the thickest sedimentary sequences in the world's ocean basins. This ocean is one of the most diverse on the face of the globe. We explore the evolution of the morphology of the Indian Ocean floor, and discuss the effect of its variations, maxima and minima, on the interconnectivity of the ocean's water masses.
date: 2005 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Parson, L.M. and Evans, A.J. (2005) Seafloor topography and tectonic elements of the Western Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 363 (1826), 15-24. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1472 ). relation: http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=e2wqmmmrlk0wqglrrvv3&referrer=parent&backto=issue,2,24;journal,4,108;linkingpublicationresults,1:102021,1 relation: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1472 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/251/ title: RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 135, 24 Oct-18 Nov 2001. ATSR validation cruise: Seychelles - Durban creator: Pascal, R.W. description: This report describes RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 135, an ATSR satellite validation cruise which took place in October-November 2001. The cruise was divided into two legs: Leg 1 primarily focussed on ATSR satellite validation and Leg 2 was planned around the recovery of Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ) moorings. Throughout the cruise real-time measurements of the air-sea fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 were made, in addition to the usual mean meteorological parameters. The main aim of Leg 1 (Seychelles to Seychelles) was to achieve as many ATSR satellite overpass validations as possible with the SISTeR radiometer. In addition 5 APEX floats were deployed in support of the ARGO Programme and two XBT equatorial sections were made. During Leg 2 (Seychelles to Durban) the key objective was to recover an array of seven moorings, on a section across the Mozambique Channel roughly at its narrowest part, which had been previously deployed by NIOZ. Further ATSR overpass validations were achieved and two more XBT sections were made. publisher: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton date: 2002 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/251/1/SOCCR039.pdf identifier: Pascal, R.W. (2002) RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 135, 24 Oct-18 Nov 2001. ATSR validation cruise: Seychelles - Durban (Southampton Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 39) Southampton, UK. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton 78pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345388/ title: The enigma of ‘Aydhab: a Medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast creator: Peacock, David creator: Peacock, Andrew description: The medieval Islamic port of ‘Aydhab played a major role in the hajj and in trade with Yemen, India and the Far East. A recent satellite image reveals the layout of the town in some detail, but there seems to be no trace of a viable harbour. Yet there was a fine secure harbour at Halaib, 20 km to the south. We tentatively suggest that the main port of ‘Aydhab was separate from the town. This hypothesis can only be verified by fieldwork and our objective in this paper is draw attention to the problem rather than to resolve it. date: 2008-03 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Peacock, David and Peacock, Andrew (2008) The enigma of ‘Aydhab: a Medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37 (1), 32-48. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x ). relation: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/436904/ title: Sedimentology, stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 creator: Pickering, Kevin T. creator: Pouderoux, Hugo F.A. creator: McNeill, Lisa creator: Backman, Jan creator: Chemale Jr., Farid creator: Kutterolf, Steffen creator: Milliken, Kitty L. creator: Mukoyoshi, Hideki creator: Henstock, Timothy creator: Stevens, Duncan E. creator: Parnell, Charlie creator: Dugan, Brandon description: Drill sites in the southern Bay of Bengal at 3°N 91°E (International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362) have sampled for the first time a complete section of the Nicobar Fan and below to the oceanic crust. This generally overlooked part of the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System may provide new insights into uplift and denudation rates of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The Nicobar Fan comprises sediment gravity‐flow (SGF) deposits, mostly turbidites, that alternate with hemipelagite drapes and pelagite intervals of varying thicknesses. The decimetre‐thick to metre‐thick oldest pre‐fan sediments (limestones/chalks) dated at 69 Ma are overlain by volcanic material and slowly accumulated pelagites (0.5 g.cm‐2.kyr‐1). At Expedition 362 Site U1480, terrigenous input began in the early Miocene at ca 22.5 Ma as muds, overlain by very thin‐bedded and thin‐bedded muddy turbidites at ca 19.5 Ma. From 9.5 Ma, sand content and sediment supply sharply increase (from 1‐5 to 10–50 g.cm‐2.kyr‐1). Despite the abundant normal faulting in the Nicobar Fan compared with the Bengal Fan, it offers a better‐preserved and more homogeneous sedimentary record with fewer unconformities. The persistent connection between the two fans ceased at 0.28 Ma when the Nicobar Fan became inactive. The Nicobar Fan is a major sink for Himalaya‐derived material. This study presents integrated results of International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 with older Deep Sea Drilling Project / Ocean Drilling Program / International Ocean Discovery Program sites that show that the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System experienced successive large‐scale avulsion processes that switched sediment supply between the Bengal Fan (middle Miocene and late Pleistocene) and the Nicobar Fan (late Miocene to early Pleistocene). A quantitative analysis of the submarine channels of the Nicobar Fan is also presented, including their stratigraphic frequency, showing that channel size/area and abundance peaked at ca 2 to 3 Ma, but with a distinct low at 3 to 7 Ma: the intervening stratigraphic [sub]unit was a time of reduced sediment accumulation rates. date: 2019-12-28 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: accepted_manuscript identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/436904/1/Pickering_et_al_2019_Sedimentology.pdf identifier: Pickering, Kevin T., Pouderoux, Hugo F.A., McNeill, Lisa, Backman, Jan, Chemale Jr., Farid, Kutterolf, Steffen, Milliken, Kitty L., Mukoyoshi, Hideki, Henstock, Timothy, Stevens, Duncan E., Parnell, Charlie and Dugan, Brandon (2019) Sedimentology, stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362. Sedimentology. (doi:10.1111/sed.12701 ). relation: 10.1111/sed.12701 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67034/ title: Play into opera: Purcell's The Indian Queen creator: Pinnock, Andrew description: 'Opera' on the professional stage in late 17th-century England—'dramatic opera' hereafter—was really a species of play, half acting, half singing and dancing, an elaborate production with splendid scenery and special effects. date: 1990 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Pinnock, Andrew (1990) Play into opera: Purcell's The Indian Queen. Early Music, XVIII (1), 3-21. (doi:10.1093/earlyj/XVIII.1.3 ). relation: 10.1093/earlyj/XVIII.1.3 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7840/ title: Circulation pathways and transports of the Southern Ocean in the vicinity of the Southwest Indian Ridge creator: Pollard, R.T. creator: Read, J.F. date: 2001-02-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7840/1/2000JC900090.pdf identifier: Pollard, R.T. and Read, J.F. (2001) Circulation pathways and transports of the Southern Ocean in the vicinity of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (C2), 2881-2898. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374896/ title: Circulation, stratification and seamounts in the south west Indian ocean creator: Pollard, Raymond creator: Read, Jane description: Circulation in the vicinity of six seamounts along the Southwest Indian Ridge was studied as part of a multidisciplinary survey in November 2009. Examination of altimetric data shows that several of the seamounts lie in the area of slow mean westward flow between the southern tip of Madagascar (25 °S) and the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) flowing eastward between 37–40 °S. The mean westward drift of mesoscale features was 4.1±0.9 cm s?1. Integrated between Madagascar and 37 °S, this westward drift can account for 50 Sv (1 Sv=106m3s?1), which, added to 25 Sv of southward flow past Madagascar, is sufficient to account for the total Agulhas Current transport of 70±21 Sv. The transport of the ARC was also measured, at two longitudes, down to 2000 m. Combined with earlier crossings of the ARC in 1986 and 1995, the full depth transport of the ARC is estimated at 71–85 Sv at longitudes 40–50 °E, indicating that the Agulhas Current then ARC transport continues unreduced as far as 50 °E before beginning to recirculate in the Southwest Indian Ocean subtropical gyre. The primary control on the circulation near each seamount was its position relative to any mesoscale eddy at the time of the survey. Melville lay on the flank of a cyclonic eddy that had broken off the ARC and was propagating west before remerging with the next meander of the ARC. Nearby Sapmer, on the other hand, was in the centre of an anticyclonic eddy, resulting in very weak stratification over the seamount at the time of the survey. Middle of What lies most often on the northern flank of the ARC, in strong currents, but was at the time of the survey near the edge of the same eddy as Sapmer. Coral, in the Subtropical Front south of the ARC, was in waters much colder, fresher, denser and more oxygenated than all the other seamounts. Walter was close to the path of eddies propagating southwest from east of Madagascar, while Atlantis, the furthest east and north seamount, experienced the weakest eddy currents. date: 2017-02-25 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374896/1/DSR2-S-14-00025.pdf identifier: Pollard, Raymond and Read, Jane (2017) Circulation, stratification and seamounts in the south west Indian ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 136, 36–43. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.018 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.018 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42070/ title: RRS Discovery Cruise 288, 26 Jan - 21 Feb 2005. Madagascar Experiment (MadEx) creator: Quartly, G.D. description: MadEx (Madagascar Experiment) was a research cruise on RRS Discovery with the aims of i) surveying the currents south of Madagascar, ii) deploying moorings, and iii) relating the different biological communities to the physical and chemical conditions (temperature, currents and nutrients). The cruise departed from Durban on 26th January 2005, and returned there on 21st February. An eddy/retroflection signal was seen in ocean colour imagery south of Madagascar, and a "radiator grille" survey pattern adopted. This was achieved with a mixture of SeaSoar tows, CTDs and XBTs, with Jason track 196 being occupied at the time of the altimeter overflight. An array of moorings was also laid along this line, with a McLane Moored Profiler placed 120 km further east. A number of surface drifters were also deployed, including the new Pop-up Ocean Drifters. Numerous underway measurements were made. As well as the shipborne ADCPs and standard instrumentation on the non-toxic supply, surface water samples were taken typically every 2 hours to determine salinity and chlorophyll, and other samples kept for subsequent microscopic and flow cytometry analyses. For zooplankton studies, there were vertical hauls of Bongo nets at half the CTD stations. Extra biological information was provided by the Optical Plankton Counter (OPC), Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometer (FRRF) and the Turner Fluorometer, which were all working well on SeaSoar during the latter part of the cruise.

MadEx II (Discovery cruise D302) recovered the moorings 14 months later, and repeated some of the biological and physical measurements along the mooring line; it is the
subject of a separate cruise report. publisher: National Oceanography Centre date: 2006 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42070/1/D288_Cruise_Report_NOC_008.pdf identifier: Quartly, G.D. (2006) RRS Discovery Cruise 288, 26 Jan - 21 Feb 2005. Madagascar Experiment (MadEx) (National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report, 8) Southampton, UK. National Oceanography Centre 105pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/44056/ title: An intercomparison of global oceanic precipitation climatologies creator: Quartly, G.D. creator: Kyte, E.A. creator: Srokosz, M.A. creator: Tsimplis, M.N. description: Large-scale patterns of precipitation are important for the changes they may effect upon the circulation of the ocean. However, marine precipitation is very hard to quantify accurately. Four independent climatologies are examined to compare their estimates of the annual mean precipitation, and the seasonal and interannual variations. One data set, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), is based upon satellite data, the other three on output of weather forecast reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Although all datasets have their errors, there is general agreement on the geographical patterns of precipitation. All the models had higher rain rates in the tropics than shown by the satellite data, and also greater seasonal ranges. However, GPCP has 10-25% more precipitation than NCEP and ECMWF in most of the southern regions, because of their weak representation of convergence zones; NCEP2, a more recent version of the NCEP reanalysis, shows a marked improvement in this area. However, in most regions NCEP2 exhibits a larger seasonal range than shown by other datasets, particularly for the tropical Pacific. Both NCEP and NCEP2 often show a seasonal cycle lagging two months or more behind GPCP. Of the three reanalysis climatologies, ECMWF appears best at realising the position and migration of rain features. The interannual variations are correlated between all four datasets, however the correlation coefficient is only large for regions that have a strong response to El Niño and La Niña event, or for comparisons of the two NCEP reanalyses. Of the datasets evaluated, GPCP has the most internal consistency, with no long-term trend in its regional averages, and it alone shows the deficit in Mediterranean precipitation coincident with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. date: 2007 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/44056/1/Precip_comp_annual_24pp.pdf format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/44056/2/QUARTLY_JGR_2007.pdf identifier: Quartly, G.D., Kyte, E.A., Srokosz, M.A. and Tsimplis, M.N. (2007) An intercomparison of global oceanic precipitation climatologies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D10), D10121. (doi:10.1029/2006JD007810 ). relation: http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0710/2006JD007810/ relation: 10.1029/2006JD007810 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/346712/ title: Mozambique Channel Eddies in GCMs: A question of resolution and slippage creator: Quartly, G.D. creator: de Cuevas, B.A. creator: Coward, A.C. description: Hydrographic observations in the 21st century have shown that the flow within the Mozambique
Channel is best described by a series of large poleward-propagating anticyclonic eddies, rather than, as
previously thought, a continuous intense western boundary current. The portrayal of this region in various runs of the NEMO 75-level model is found to vary between those two descriptions depending upon the resolution used and the implementation of the model's lateral boundary conditions. In a comparison of 1/4 ? resolution runs, the change of these conditions from free-slip to no-slip leads to the mean southward flow moving further offshore, with greater variability in the zonal and meridional velocities as the flow organises itself into eddies, and a reduction in total transport. If a realization of a model is unable to get these aspects of the physical flow correct, then this will significantly reduce its ability to show a realistic biological signal or long-term response to climate change. Further south, beyond Durban, the application of no-slip conditions similarly causes the mean Agulhas Current to lie further offshore, making it much more able to simulate Natal Pulses.
date: 2013-03 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/346712/1/Quartly_et_al_NEMO_OcMod2013_postprint.pdf identifier: Quartly, G.D., de Cuevas, B.A. and Coward, A.C. (2013) Mozambique Channel Eddies in GCMs: A question of resolution and slippage. Ocean Modelling, 63, 56-67. (doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.011 ). relation: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.011 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/2252/ title: Rossby waves: synergy in action creator: Quartly, Graham D. creator: Cipollini, Paolo creator: Cromwell, David creator: Challenor, Peter G. description: Rossby waves are an important phenomenon, linking processes in the west of ocean basins with forcing that occurred earlier in the east. We show evidence for such features in satellite-derived datasets of sea-surface height, temperature and ocean colour, using a section of the south Indian Ocean as an example. We discuss the possible mechanisms for an effect on chlorophyll, and we investigate this by comparing the ocean colour signal with the other datasets. In this region, the primary mechanism for a Rossby-wave signal in ocean colour appears to be meridional advection of water across a strong chlorophyll gradient. However, this cannot fully explain the observations in the westernmost basin. date: 2003-01-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Quartly, Graham D., Cipollini, Paolo, Cromwell, David and Challenor, Peter G. (2003) Rossby waves: synergy in action. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361 (1802), 57-63. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.1108 ). relation: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1108 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64866/ title: Climatological effects on the breeding of terns creator: Quartly, Graham D. creator: Jaquemet, Sebastien creator: Le Corre, Matthieu creator: Monticelli, David creator: Ramos, Jaime description: The physical circulation in the Western Indian Ocean controls the supply of nutrients, and this, combined with the stability of the surface layer and the availability of sunlight controls the primary production. In this note, we review two papers' findings on how the physical conditions ultimately impact upon the breeding of terns, a marinetop predator in the region. Rather than trace causal links through the food chain, we show empirical connections between avian breeding and the environmental conditions, all of which appear statistically significant publisher: IEEE date: 2008 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64866/1/IG2008_Sterna_v5.pdf identifier: Quartly, Graham D., Jaquemet, Sebastien, Le Corre, Matthieu, Monticelli, David and Ramos, Jaime (2008) Climatological effects on the breeding of terns. In Proceedings of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston MS, 6-11 Jul 2008. IEEE. pp. 918-921 . relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/49506/ title: Sub-mesoscale structure and the development of an eddy in the Subantarctic Front north of the Crozet Islands creator: Read, J.F. creator: Pollard, R.T. creator: Allen, J.T. description: Two stations only 20 km apart were observed to have quite different biological and biogeochemical characteristics. The first site had low concentrations of chlorophyll and sufficient nutrients to support phytoplankton growth. The second site had high concentrations of chlorophyll, depleted nutrient concentrations and significant export of phytodetrital material had taken place. The two sites were located in the Polar Frontal Zone of the Southern Ocean to the northwest of the Crozet Islands. The main physical difference between the two sites was in the depth of the mixed layer. At the first site, the mixed layer was deep and well mixed, whereas the second site had a shallow, stratified layer; otherwise the horizontal gradients of physical properties were weak. Survey data from the surrounding area showed that the productive site was located on the edge of a filament of water drawn into a developing meander of the Subantarctic Front. Remotely sensed data provided a history of the growth of the meander in the Subantarctic Front and its development into an eddy in the Polar Frontal Zone. The dynamics associated with the filament in the meander were clearly important in driving the primary productivity, as an intrusion of saline water into adjacent fresher water generated a shallow mixed layer and conditions suitable for phytoplankton growth. The dynamics promoting conditions favourable to phytoplankton growth continued to operate as chlorophyll was enhanced in the eddy after the main bloom had died away. Later measurements suggested that the surface layer had changed from diatom dominated to a coccolithophore or calcite-rich community. date: 2007 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Read, J.F., Pollard, R.T. and Allen, J.T. (2007) Sub-mesoscale structure and the development of an eddy in the Subantarctic Front north of the Crozet Islands. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54 (18-20), 1930-1948. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.013 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.013 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378903/ title: An introduction to the physical oceanography of six seamounts in the southwest Indian Ocean creator: Read, Jane creator: Pollard, Raymond description: Exploratory surveys of six seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean provide a description of physical processes induced by seamounts along the Southwest Indian Ridge. Mean currents (15–25 cm s?1) in the vicinity of each seamount were dominated by mesoscale eddies. The dominant seamount-driven process was the generation of internal tides by the barotropic tide interacting with the seamount crests. This led to enhanced shear in the vicinity of the crests resulting in mixing where stratification was weak, for example in the core of an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy or where there had been a winter mixed layer. Tidally driven up- and downwelling was observed at the seabed with associated variability in bottom temperature of up to 3 °C over a tidal cycle. Vertical displacement of isopycnals by internal tidal waves reached 200 m peak to trough. Fluorescence in the surface (eutrophic) layer could thus extend down to the seamount crest on each tidal cycle. Apparently spatial variations in short conductivity/temperature/depth sections across each seamount were probably aliased temporal variations from the strong tidal signal. Evidence for Taylor caps or other potential trapped circulations at the seamount crest was weak, most likely because currents associated with mesoscale eddies were too strong to allow their formation. date: 2017-02-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378903/1/Read_An_Introduction.pdf identifier: Read, Jane and Pollard, Raymond (2017) An introduction to the physical oceanography of six seamounts in the southwest Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 136, 44-58. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.022 ). relation: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.022 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/13571/ title: Coral Reef sedimentation on Rodrigues and the Western Indian Ocean and its impact on the carbon cycle creator: Rees, S.A. creator: Opdyke, B.N. creator: Wilson, P.A. creator: Fifield, L.K. description: Coral reefs in the southwest Indian Ocean cover an area of ca. 18530 km2 compared with a global reef area of nearly 300000 km2. These regions are important as fishing grounds, tourist attractions and as a significant component of the global carbon cycle. The mass of calcium carbonate stored within Holocene neritic sediments is a number that we are only now beginning to quantify with any confidence, in stark contrast to the mass and sedimentation rates associated with pelagic calcium carbonate, which have been relatively well defined for decades.



We report new data that demonstrate that the reefs at Rodrigues, like those at Réunion and Mauritius, only reached a mature state (reached sea level) by 2-3 ka: thousands of years later than most of the reefs in the Australasian region. Yet field observations show that the large lagoon at Rodrigues is already completely full of carbonate detritus (typical lagoon depth less than 1 m at low spring tide). The presence of aeolian dunes at Rodrigues indicates periodic exposure of past lagoons throughout the Pleistocene. The absence of elevated Pleistocene reef deposits on the island indicates that the island has not been uplifted. Most Holocene reefs are between 15 and 20 m in thickness and those in the southwest Indian Ocean appear to be consistent with this observation. We support the view that the CO2 flux associated with coral-reef growth acts as a climate change amplifier during deglaciation, adding CO2 to a warming world. southwest Indian Ocean reefs could have added 7-10% to this global flux during the Holocene.







date: 2005 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Rees, S.A., Opdyke, B.N., Wilson, P.A. and Fifield, L.K. (2005) Coral Reef sedimentation on Rodrigues and the Western Indian Ocean and its impact on the carbon cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 363 (1826), 101-120. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1481 ). relation: http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=e2wqmmmrlk0wqglrrvv3&referrer=parent&backto=issue,11,24;journal,4,108;linkingpublicationresults,1:102021,1 relation: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1481 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/341914/ title: Depth-dependant response to light of the reef building coral, Pocillopora verrucosa: implication of oxidative stress creator: Richier, Sophie creator: Cottalorda, Jean-Michel creator: Guillaume, Mireille M.M. creator: Fernandez, Cyril creator: Allemand, Denis creator: Furla, Paola description: Several environmental factors have been described to trigger bleaching in cnidarian/dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process still need more investigations. Symbiosis breakdown is known to result from physiological damage to animal host cells and/or symbionts. Cellular oxidation appears to be an essential player in this damage. Indeed, oxidative stress is a direct consequence of increase in irradiance and temperature, the two main environmental factors involved in bleaching. In this study, we examined the role of irradiance in inducing dissociation and oxidative stress in cnidarians and dinoflagellates. We used the bleaching-sensitive scleractinian coral Pocillopora verrucosa in a field cross-transplantation experiment performed between 5 m and 20 m depth at Grande Glorieuse Island (Indian Ocean), a preserved area subject to minimal anthropogenic influence. Cellular damage and increase in antioxidant defense were correlated with bleaching in upward transplanted samples. Downward transplanted colonies presented no associated alterations similar to the controls. We therefore conclude that increasing light induced bleaching via a prooxidative period. Remarkably, the distribution of Symbiodinium over depth was invariant; all colonies were monomorph for clade C, suggesting that bleaching sensitivity of P. verrucosa might not be associated with clade specificity. date: 2008-03-17 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Richier, Sophie, Cottalorda, Jean-Michel, Guillaume, Mireille M.M., Fernandez, Cyril, Allemand, Denis and Furla, Paola (2008) Depth-dependant response to light of the reef building coral, Pocillopora verrucosa: implication of oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 357 (1), 48-56. (doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.026 ). relation: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.026 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43059/ title: RRS Discovery Cruise Report: Cruise D301B and D302. Indian Ocean, 20 March - 11 April 2006 creator: Ridderinkhof, H. creator: Quartly, G. description: Discovery cruises D301B and D392 were a joint expedition between NIOZ and NOC to study the waters flowing to the west and south of Madagascar. The principal aim of the Dutch component (D301B) was to recover and redeploy moorings from the narrows of the Mozambique Channel at 17ES. These moorings contained current meters, ADCPs and sediment traps, and were accompanied by a high-resolution CTD survey and sea-bed samples taken with the multi-corer. The programme for the UK part (D302) was to recover four moorings from the south of Madagascar, and deploy some drifters. A series of CTDs were run along the main mooring line, and also 3 CTDs were placed in an eddy serendipitously lying in the route between the Dutch and UK mooring sites. Water samples from both D301B and D3002 were analysed for oxygen concentration and nutrient content.

Standard underway measurements (temperature, salinity, fluorescence and ADCP) were taken throughout the cruise. These were augmented by samples taken for biological analysis. Two hourly samples were taken separately for i) fixing and later microscopic analysis, and ii) filtering for HPLC analysis of pigments. A robot sampler was used to take small samples every 20 minutes for picoplankton studies using a flow cytometer. Experiments in the Mozambique Channel looked at the dissolution rate of silica i) through long-term deployment of incubation cages, and ii) by looking at diatom decomposition rates through filtration of large volumes from surface and bottom of CTD cats. publisher: Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research; National Oceanography Centre Southampton date: 2006 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43059/1/nocscr012.pdf identifier: Ridderinkhof, H. and Quartly, G. (2006) RRS Discovery Cruise Report: Cruise D301B and D302. Indian Ocean, 20 March - 11 April 2006 (National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report, 12) Texel, The Netherlands. Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research; National Oceanography Centre Southampton 48pp. relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/220/ title: Low degree melting under the Southwest Indian Ridge: the roles of mantle temperature, conductive cooling and wet melting creator: Robinson, C.J. creator: Bickle, M.J. creator: Minshull, T.A. creator: White, R.S. creator: Nichols, A.R.L. description: Both low mantle temperatures and conductive cooling have been suggested as the cause of the atypically thin oceanic crust and the incompatible element enrichment characteristic of very slow-spreading ridges. Here we present a model of melting under the Southwest Indian Ridge, which takes into account mantle temperature, conductive cooling, source composition and wet melting. The model parameters are constrained by oceanic crustal thickness, lava chemistry and isotopic composition and water content. The results suggest that conductive cooling to a depth of around 20 km, expected in areas with a full spreading rate of 15 mm/yr, is necessary to generate the Southwest Indian Ridge lava chemistry, but not that from faster spreading rate ridges at 23°N on the Mid Atlantic Ridge or 45°N on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The mantle potential temperatures of ~1280°C, estimated for the Southwest Indian Ridge lavas are close to the global average of the upper mantle. Mantle water contents of 150-300 ppm can explain the observed melt water contents and allow sufficient melting at depth to explain the observed heavy rare earth element depletions in the melts. date: 2001 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: archive language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/220/1/Robinson_figs_table_2001.zip format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/220/2/Robinson.doc identifier: Robinson, C.J., Bickle, M.J., Minshull, T.A., White, R.S. and Nichols, A.R.L. (2001) Low degree melting under the Southwest Indian Ridge: the roles of mantle temperature, conductive cooling and wet melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 188 (3-4), 383-398. (doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00329-6 ). relation: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00329-6 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/59223/ title: Temporal variability of the hydrothermal plume above the Kairei vent field, 25°S, Central Indian Ridge creator: Rudnicki, Mark D. creator: German, Christopher R. description: Continuous profiling of the nonbuoyant plume above a hydrothermal vent site can be used to determine the interaction between the plume formed by venting high-temperature fluids and changing background temperature, salinity, and current fields over a tidal cycle. We have conducted a 12-hour monitoring of the nonbuoyant plume above the Kairei vent field, 25°S, Central Indian Ridge. The depth of the plume particle maximum varies significantly in the water column, from 2150 m to >2350 m, but remains strongly associated with the ?2 = 36.987 potential density isopycnal. We have used the interaction between two unrelated physical oceanographic phenomena to isolate the section of the time series record most suitable for determining the heat flux of the Kairei source on the basis of the rise height of the plume to neutral buoyancy. At the start of the time series, internal waves are observed with a period similar to the calculated buoyancy period N?1, about 3 hours; no consistent relationship is observed between the rise height of the plume and the calculated heat flux. For the last 6 hours of the time series, isopycnal surfaces are compressed above a strongly developed nonbuoyant plume such that the calculated buoyancy period is less than that of the internal waves. A more constant heat flux can be calculated, on the basis of the plume rise height, from this part of the record.
date: 2002 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Rudnicki, Mark D. and German, Christopher R. (2002) Temporal variability of the hydrothermal plume above the Kairei vent field, 25°S, Central Indian Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3 (2), art.1010. (doi:10.1029/2001GC000240 ). relation: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001GC000240.shtml relation: 10.1029/2001GC000240 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359138/ title: Active faulting on the Ninetyeast Ridge and its relation to deformation of the Indo-Australian plate creator: Sager, W.W. creator: Bull, J.M. creator: Krishna, K.S. description: The ~4500 km long Ninetyeast Ridge (NER) in the northeastern Indian Ocean crosses a broad zone of deformation where the Indo-Australian plate is fracturing into three smaller plates (India, Capricorn, Australia) separated by diffuse boundaries whose extents are poorly defined. New multichannel seismic reflection profiles image active faults along the entire length of the NER and show spatial changes in the style of deformation along the ridge. The northern NER (0°N–5°N) displays transpressional motion along WNW-ESE faults. Observed fault patterns confirm strike-slip motion at the western extent of the April 2012 Wharton Basin earthquake swarm. In the central NER (5°S–8°S), deformation on WNW-ESE-trending thrust faults implies nearly N-S compression. An abrupt change in fault style occurs between 8° and 11°S, with modest, extension characterizing the southern NER (11°S–27°S). Although extension is dominant, narrow zones of faults with strike-slip or compressional character also occur in the southern NER, suggesting a complex combination of fault motions. At all sites, active faulting is controlled by the reactivation of original, spreading-center formed, normal faults, implying that deformation is opportunistic and focused along existing zones of weakness, even when original fault trend is oblique to the direction of relative plate motion. Observed faulting can be interpreted as India-Australia deformation in the northern NER and Capricorn-Australia deformation in the southern NER. The India-Capricorn boundary is directly adjacent to the northern NER and this juxtaposition combined with a different style of faulting to the east of the NER imply that the ridge is a tectonic boundary. date: 2013-08 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359138/1/__userfiles.soton.ac.uk_Users_nl2_mydesktop_Deposits_Sager_et%252Bal_2013_authors_copy_reducedFigRes.pdf identifier: Sager, W.W., Bull, J.M. and Krishna, K.S. (2013) Active faulting on the Ninetyeast Ridge and its relation to deformation of the Indo-Australian plate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118 (8), 4648-4668. (doi:10.1002/jgrb.50319 ). relation: 10.1002/jgrb.50319 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370751/ title: The NOW regional coupled model: Application to the tropical Indian Ocean climate and tropical cyclone activity creator: Samson, G. creator: Masson, S. creator: Lengaigne, M. creator: Keerthi, M.G. creator: Vialard, J. creator: Pous, S. creator: Madec, G. creator: Jourdain, N.C. creator: Jullien, S. creator: Menkes, C. creator: Marchesiello, P. description: This paper presents the NOW regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model built from the NEMO ocean and WRF atmospheric numerical models. This model is applied to the tropical Indian Ocean, with the oceanic and atmospheric components sharing a common ¼° horizontal grid. Long experiments are performed over the 1990–2009 period using the Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ) and Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterizations. Both simulations produce a realistic distribution of seasonal rainfall and a realistic northward seasonal migration of monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. At subseasonal time scales, the model reasonably reproduces summer monsoon active and break phases, although with underestimated rainfall and surface wind signals. Its relatively high resolution results in realistic spatial and seasonal distributions of tropical cyclones, but it fails to reproduce the strongest observed cyclone categories. At interannual time scales, the model reproduces the observed variability associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the delayed basin-wide warming/cooling induced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The timing of IOD occurrence in the model generally matches that of the observed events, confirming the influence of ENSO on the IOD development (through the effect of lateral boundary conditions in our simulations). Although the KF and BMJ simulations share a lot in common, KF strongly overestimates rainfall at all time scales. KF also overestimates the number of simulated cyclones by a factor two, while simulating stronger events (up to 55 m s-1) compared to BMJ (up to 40 m s-1). These results could be related to an overly active cumulus parameterization in KF. date: 2014-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Samson, G., Masson, S., Lengaigne, M., Keerthi, M.G., Vialard, J., Pous, S., Madec, G., Jourdain, N.C., Jullien, S., Menkes, C. and Marchesiello, P. (2014) The NOW regional coupled model: Application to the tropical Indian Ocean climate and tropical cyclone activity. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 6 (3), 700-722. (doi:10.1002/2014MS000324 ). relation: 10.1002/2014MS000324 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/338073/ title: Size fractionation of trace metals in the Edmond hydrothermal plume, Central Indian Ocean creator: Sands, C.M. creator: Connelly, D.P. creator: Statham, P.J. creator: German, C.R. description: The investigation of the distribution of trace elements between the dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases within a hydrothermal plume is key to understanding plume processes. Particulate and colloidal size fractions of four trace elements (iron, manganese, copper and phosphorus) along with the dissolved size fraction of iron, manganese and copper have been determined in the hydrothermal plume overlying the Edmond vent-site in the Central Indian Ocean. Dissolved iron and manganese are the most heavily enriched metals in hydrothermal fluids emerging from vents and iron plays a significant role in subsequent dissolved-particulate interactions within hydrothermal plumes. Copper and phosphorus are each representative members of discrete groups of tracers (chalcophile elements and oxyanions, respectively) that are known to exhibit distinct patterns of behaviour, relative to iron, within hydrothermal plumes. Here we show that iron is present in all three hydrothermal plume fractions (dissolved, colloidal and particulate), being least abundant in dissolved form. Manganese resides predominantly in the dissolved fraction, copper resides primarily in the particulate phase and phosphorus is abundant in both the colloidal and coarser particulate phases, but not the dissolved fraction. The correlation of phosphorus to iron in the Edmond hydrothermal plume is both (i) constant across the colloidal and coarser particulate phases and (ii) matches well to broader inter-ocean trends reported previously from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These results demonstrate a mechanism whereby plume-height P:Fe ratios are established during the very earliest stages of dissolved Fe(II) oxidation, followed by aggregation into coarser hydrothermal plume particles. This provides a strong argument for the study of P:Fe ratios in hydrothermal sediments as potential paleotracers of deep-water dissolved phosphate distributions and, hence, past deep-ocean circulation patterns. date: 2012 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Sands, C.M., Connelly, D.P., Statham, P.J. and German, C.R. (2012) Size fractionation of trace metals in the Edmond hydrothermal plume, Central Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 319-320, 15-22. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.031 ). relation: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.031 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/1389/ title: TOBI sidescan sonar imagery of the very slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: evidence for along-axis magma distribution creator: Sauter, D. creator: Parson, L. creator: Mendel, V. creator: Rommevauz-Jestin, C. creator: Gomez, O. creator: Briais, A. creator: Vel, C. creator: Tamaki, K. description: New deep tow sidescan sonar data from the Southwest Indian Ridge reveal complex volcanic/tectonic interrelationships in the axial zone of this ultra-slow spreading ridge. While some constructional volcanic features resemble examples documented at the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, such as axial volcanic ridges, hummocky and smooth lava flows, their distribution and dimensions differ markedly. The largest axial volcanic ridges occur at segment centres, but fresh-looking volcanic constructions also occur at segment ends and in the deep basins marking the non-transform discontinuities. The orientations of the dominant fault population and main volcanic ridges are controlled by tectonic processes such as orthogonal extension in the sections of the ridge perpendicular to the spreading direction and transtensional extension in the obliquely spreading sections of the ridge. Minor faults and small volcanic ridges striking parallel to the axis in the oblique part of the ridge are not controlled by these extensional regimes. This observation suggests that the ridge axis acts as a zone of weakness and that magmatic processes, with associated fractures opening in response to magma pressure, may control local emplacements of axial volcanic ridges at obliquely spreading ridges. This non-systematic pattern of ridge characteristics suggests an along-axis variation between focused and distributed magmatic supply, a model which is supported by our interpretation of low-amplitude mantle Bouguer anomalies calculated for the area. We propose that a change of the axial segmentation pattern, from two segments to the present-day three segments, may have introduced additional instability into the crustal accretion process. date: 2002-05-30 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Sauter, D., Parson, L., Mendel, V., Rommevauz-Jestin, C., Gomez, O., Briais, A., Vel, C. and Tamaki, K. (2002) TOBI sidescan sonar imagery of the very slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: evidence for along-axis magma distribution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 199 (1-2), 81-95. (doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00543-5 ). relation: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00543-5 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/1274/ title: FUJI Dome: A large detachment fault near 64°E on the very slow-spreading southwest Indian Ridge creator: Searle, R.C. creator: Cannat, M. creator: Fujioka, K. creator: Mevel, C. creator: Fujimoto, H. creator: Bralewska, J. creator: Parson, L. description: A continuous, domed detachment surface (FUJI Dome) has been imaged on the very slow-spreading southwest Indian Ridge using deep-towed side-scan sonar, and has been investigated by manned submersible and sea-surface geophysics. The Dome is morphologically similar to other oceanic detachments, core complexes or mega-mullions. In addition to bathymetric mullions observed in ship-borne bathymetry, finer scale spreading-parallel striations were imaged with the side scan. On the detachment surface, metabasalt crops out near the termination, probably as part of a thin fault sliver. Gabbro and troctolite probably crop out near the summit of the dome. The rest of the detachment surface is covered with sediment and rubble which is basaltic except for a single sample of serpentinite. Most of the detachment surface dips toward the ridge axis at 10°–20°, but near the breakaway it is strongly rotated outward, and dips away from the axis at up to 40°. Normal, undeformed volcanic seafloor crops out adjacent to the detachment. Modeling of sea surface magnetic data suggest the detachment was active from 1.95 Ma for about 1 Ma during a period of reduced and asymmetric magmatic accretion. Modeling of sea surface and seafloor gravity requires laterally fairly uniform but high density material under the Dome, and precludes steeply dipping contacts between bodies with large density contrasts at shallow levels under the Dome. date: 2003 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Searle, R.C., Cannat, M., Fujioka, K., Mevel, C., Fujimoto, H., Bralewska, J. and Parson, L. (2003) FUJI Dome: A large detachment fault near 64°E on the very slow-spreading southwest Indian Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 (8), Art. 09105. (doi:10.1029/2003GC000519 ). relation: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003GC000519.shtml relation: 10.1029/2003GC000519 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/436159/ title: Re-sewing the sewn: An ethnographic record of repair and reuse of sewn-plank river boats in Goa, India creator: Shaikh, Zeeshan A. description:

The tradition of fastening planked boats using sewing is characteristic of the Indian Ocean region. Despite known disadvantages of sewn boats, including that perishable materials need regular maintenance and repair, operators of boats used in the sand-mining industry of Goa still see potential in discarded sewn boats. The problems, raw materials used, technology, and process of re-sewing and repairing these boats to give them a second life are reported and discussed here.

date: 2019-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Shaikh, Zeeshan A. (2019) Re-sewing the sewn: An ethnographic record of repair and reuse of sewn-plank river boats in Goa, India. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 48 (2), 377-386. (doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12369 ). relation: 10.1111/1095-9270.12369 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/6169/ title: Water, heat and freshwater flux out of the northern Indian Ocean in September-October 1995 creator: Shi, W. creator: Morrison, J.M. creator: Bryden, H.L. date: 2002 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Shi, W., Morrison, J.M. and Bryden, H.L. (2002) Water, heat and freshwater flux out of the northern Indian Ocean in September-October 1995. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49 (7-8), 1231-1252. (doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00154-0 ). relation: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00154-0 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/6061/ title: Modelling the seasonal cycle of the exchange flow in Bab el Mandab (Red Sea) creator: Siddall, M. creator: Smeed, D.A. creator: Matthiesen, S. creator: Rohling, E.J. description: A minimum complexity, three-layer hydraulic model has been further developed to simulate the seasonal cycle of the exchange flow in Bab el Mandab (Red Sea). Unlike earlier versions our model incorporates a realistic channel cross-section. To a good approximation the model simulates observed fluxes through the strait and the layer depths at Hanish Sill. The model results indicate that the summertime intrusion of Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water into the Red Sea has been a robust feature of the exchange for the last 10 500 years. The modern intrusion acts as a dynamic barrier to the exchange in the upper and lower layers effectively, reducing the mean annual flux in each layer by 26% and 33% compared to model runs without the intrusion. date: 2002 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Siddall, M., Smeed, D.A., Matthiesen, S. and Rohling, E.J. (2002) Modelling the seasonal cycle of the exchange flow in Bab el Mandab (Red Sea). Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49 (9), 1551-1569. (doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00043-2 ). relation: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00043-2 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365212/ title: Long-term sea surface temperature variability in the Aegean Sea creator: Skliris, Nikolaos creator: Sofianos, Sarantis S. creator: Gkanasos, Athanasios creator: Axaopoulos, Panagiotis creator: Mantziafou, Anneta creator: Vervatis, Vassilis description: The inter-annual/decadal scale variability of the Aegean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is investigated by means of long-term series of satellite-derived and in situ data. Monthly mean declouded SST maps are constructed over the 1985–2008 period, based on a re-analysis of AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder optimally interpolated data over the Aegean Sea. Basin-average SST time series are also constructed using the ICOADS in situ data over 1950–2006. Results indicate a small SST decreasing trend until the early nineties, and then a rapid surface warming consistent with the acceleration of the SST rise observed on the global ocean scale. Decadal-scale SST anomalies were found to be negatively correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index over the last 60 years suggesting that along with global warming effects on the regional scale, a part of the long-term SST variability in the Aegean Sea is driven by large scale atmospheric natural variability patterns. In particular, the acceleration of surface warming in the Aegean Sea began nearly simultaneously with the NAO index abrupt shift in the mid-nineties from strongly positive values to weakly positive/negative values. date: 2011-11 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365212/1/19475721%25252E2011%25252E601325.pdf identifier: Skliris, Nikolaos, Sofianos, Sarantis S., Gkanasos, Athanasios, Axaopoulos, Panagiotis, Mantziafou, Anneta and Vervatis, Vassilis (2011) Long-term sea surface temperature variability in the Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (2), 125-139. (doi:10.1080/19475721.2011.601325 ). relation: 10.1080/19475721.2011.601325 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/14874/ title: Halocarbon and dimethyl sulphide production around the Mascarene Plateau creator: Smythe-Wright, D. creator: Boswell, S.M. creator: Lucas, C.H. creator: New, A.L. creator: Varney, M.S. description: Air-sea exchange is thought to be one of the major routes by which halocarbons and dimethyl sulphide reach the troposphere and stratosphere. Once there, in different ways, they participate in chemical reactions that have implications for ozone depletion and climate change. The gases are released by phytoplankton and other algae, but our present understanding of the sources and sinks is insufficient to establish a balanced global budget. Published data suggest that there are regions of coastal and ocean waters that constitute a major source, but, for halocarbons, in other regions the ocean is a net sink. For example, in many open oceanic areas, the rate of degradation of methyl bromide outweighs production.
Here we present data from the Central Indian Ocean, a region considered to be low in terms of biological productivity. Little is known about trace-gas release from the Central Indian Ocean and without such data it is impossible to even hazard a guess at the global ocean source to the atmosphere. date: 2005 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Smythe-Wright, D., Boswell, S.M., Lucas, C.H., New, A.L. and Varney, M.S. (2005) Halocarbon and dimethyl sulphide production around the Mascarene Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 363 (1826), 169-185. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1485 ). relation: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1485 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/434761/ title: Archaeological, historical, and ethnographic approaches to the study of sewn boats: past, present, and future creator: Staples, Eric creator: Blue, Lucy description:

Sewn-plank vessels have been a pervasive form of ship construction since antiquity. This paper provides an introductory overview of the current state of the field of sewn-plank studies, with a particular focus on the Indian Ocean. It describes the basic function of sewn-plank techniques, and then discusses textual references and historical approaches to the topic. The relevant archaeological evidence is reviewed, and prior ethnographic work relating to the topic is outlined. It summarizes numerous experimental sewn-plank reconstructions that have been undertaken and concludes with a discussion of the current directions of the field and suggestions for the future.

date: 2019-09 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: accepted_manuscript identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/434761/1/Blue_Staples_article_Draft_Revised_190617_FINAL.docx identifier: Staples, Eric and Blue, Lucy (2019) Archaeological, historical, and ethnographic approaches to the study of sewn boats: past, present, and future. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 48 (2), 269-285. (doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12361 ). relation: 10.1111/1095-9270.12361 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/438727/ title: A complete structural model and kinematic history for distributed deformation in the Wharton Basin creator: Stevens, Duncan, Eliott creator: Mcneill, Lisa creator: Henstock, Timothy creator: Delescluse, Matthias creator: Chamot-Rooke, Nicolas creator: Bull, Jonathan description:

The equatorial eastern Indian Ocean hosts a diffuse plate boundary, where widespread deformation accommodates the relative motion between the Indian, Australian and Capricorn sub-plates. We integrate IODP Expedition 362 borehole data, which for the first time provides an accurate, ground-truthed chronostratigraphy of the sedimentary sequence east of the Ninety East Ridge (NER), with 2D seismic reflection profiles and multibeam bathymetry to assess the styles of faulting between the NER and the Sunda subduction zone, timing of activity and comparison with physical and rheological properties. We identify four distinct fault sets east of the NER in the northern Wharton Basin. N-S (350-010°) orientated faults, associated with the N-S fracture zones formed at the now extinct Wharton spreading centre, are still active and have been continuously active since at least 10 Ma. NNE- and WNW-trending fault fabrics develop between the fracture zones. The orientations and likely sense of displacement on these three sets of faults defines a Riedel shear system responding to ∼NNE-SSW left-lateral strike-slip activity at depth, demonstrated by the recent 2012 great intraplate earthquakes. We also find evidence of ∼NE-SW reverse faults, similar in style to E-W reverse faults observed west of the NER, where reverse faulting is more dominant. We show that the activity of this strike-slip system increased ca. 7-9 Ma, contemporaneous with reverse faulting and intraplate deformation west of the NER.

date: 2020-05-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: cc_by_nc_nd_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/438727/1/Stevens_el_al_Structure_of_the_Wharton_Basin.pdf identifier: Stevens, Duncan, Eliott, Mcneill, Lisa, Henstock, Timothy, Delescluse, Matthias, Chamot-Rooke, Nicolas and Bull, Jonathan (2020) A complete structural model and kinematic history for distributed deformation in the Wharton Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 538, [116218]. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116218 ). relation: 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116218 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/8886/ title: Sea surface height variability in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and model simulations creator: Subrahmanyam, B. creator: Robinson, I.S. description: Sea Surface Height (SSH) variability in the Indian Ocean during 1993-1995 is studied using TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimetry data. Strong interannual variability is seen in the surface circulation of the western Arabian Sea, especially in the Somali eddy structure. During the Southwest (SW) monsoon, a weak monsoon year is characterized by a single eddy system off Somalia, a strong or normal monsoon year by several energetic eddies. The Laccadive High (LH) and Laccadive Low (LL) systems off southwest India are observed in the altimetric SSH record. The variability of the East India Coastal Current (EICC), the western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal, is also detected. Evidence is found for the propagation of Kelvin and Rossby waves across the northern Indian Ocean; these are examined in the context of energy transfer to the western boundary currents, and associated eddies. A simple wind-driven isopycnal model having three active layers is implemented to simulate the seasonal changes of surface and subsurface circulation in the North Indian Ocean and to examine the response to different wind forcing. The wind forcing is derived from the ERS-1 scatterometer wind stress for the same period as the T/P altimeter data, enabling the model response in different (active/weak) monsoon conditions to be tested. The model output is derived in 10-day snapshots to match the time period of the T/P altimeter cycles. Complex Principal Component Analysis (CPCA) is applied to both altimetric and model SSH data. This confirms that long Rossby waves are excited by the remotely forced Kelvin waves off the southwest coast of India and contribute substantially to the variability of the seasonal circulation in the Arabian Sea. date: 2000 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Subrahmanyam, B. and Robinson, I.S. (2000) Sea surface height variability in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and model simulations. Marine Geodesy, 23 (3), 167-195. (doi:10.1080/01490410050128609 ). relation: http://lysander.ingentaselect.com/vl=97468/cl=91/nw=1/rpsv/cw/tandf/01490419/v23n3/s2/p167 relation: 10.1080/01490410050128609 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7880/ title: Indian Ocean Rossby waves observed in TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and in model simulations creator: Subrahmanyam, B. creator: Robinson, I.S. creator: Blundell, J.R. creator: Challenor, P.G. date: 2001 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Subrahmanyam, B., Robinson, I.S., Blundell, J.R. and Challenor, P.G. (2001) Indian Ocean Rossby waves observed in TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and in model simulations. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22 (1), 141-167. (doi:10.1080/014311601750038893 ). relation: 10.1080/014311601750038893 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/69185/ title: Detection of Rossby waves in multi-parameters in multi-mission satellite observations and HYCOM simulations in the Indian Ocean creator: Subrahmanyam, Bulusu creator: Heffner, David M. creator: Cromwell, David creator: Shriver, Jay F. description: Rossby waves are difficult to detect with in situ methods. However, as we show in this paper, they can be clearly identified in multi-parameters in multi-mission satellite observations of sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean color observations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a), as well as 1/12° global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations of SSH, SST and sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Indian Ocean. While the surface structure of Rossby waves can be elucidated from comparisons of the signal in different sea surface parameters, models are needed to gain direct information about how these waves affect the ocean at depth. The first three baroclinic modes of the Rossby waves are inferred from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and two-dimensional Radon Transform (2D RT). At many latitudes the first and second baroclinic mode Rossby wave phase speeds from satellite observations and model parameters are identified. Wavelet transforms of these multi-parameters from satellite observations and model simulations help to discriminate between the annual and semi-annual signal of these Rossby waves. This comprehensive study reveals that the surface signature of Rossby waves in SSS anomalies is likely to be between 0.05 and 0.3 psu in the South Indian Ocean.
date: 2009-06-15 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Subrahmanyam, Bulusu, Heffner, David M., Cromwell, David and Shriver, Jay F. (2009) Detection of Rossby waves in multi-parameters in multi-mission satellite observations and HYCOM simulations in the Indian Ocean. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113 (6), 1293-1303. (doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.017 ). relation: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.017 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/49871/ title: An inverse model of the large scale circulation in the South Indian Ocean creator: Sultan, E. creator: Mercier, H. creator: Pollard, R.T. description: An overview of the large-scale circulation of the South Indian Ocean (SIO) (10°S–70°S/20°E–120°E) is proposed based on historical hydrographic data (1903–1996) synthesized with a finite-difference inverse model. The in situ density, potential temperature and salinity fields of selected hydrographic stations are projected on the basis of EOFs. Then the EOF coefficients (the projected values) are interpolated on the model grid (1° in latitude, 2° in longitude) using an objective analysis whose spatial correlation functions are fitted to the data set. The resulting fields are the input of the inverse model. This procedure filters out the small-scale features. Twelve modes are needed to keep the vertical structures of the fields but the first three modes are sufficient to reproduce the large-scale horizontal features of the SIO: the Subtropical Gyre, the Weddell Gyre, the different branches of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The dynamics is steady state. The estimated circulation is in geostrophic balance and satisfies mass, heat and potential vorticity conservation. The wind and air-sea heat forcing are annual means from ERS1 and ECMWF, respectively.
The main features of the various current systems of the SIO are quantified and reveal topographic control of the deep and bottom circulation. The cyclonic Weddell Gyre, mainly barotropic, transports 45 Sv (1 Sv = 106m3/s), and has an eastern extension limited by the southern part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The bottom circulation north of 50°S is complex. The Deep Western Boundary Currents are identified as well as cyclonic recirculations. South east of the Kerguelen Plateau, the bottom circulation is in good agreement with previous water mass analysis. The comparison between some recent regional analysis and the inverse estimation is limited by the model resolution and lack of deep data.
The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is estimated from the finite difference inverse model. Between 26°S and 32°S the reversal of the current deepens and reaches 1400 m at 32°S. The major part of the deep meridional transport at 32°S is located between the African coast and the Madagascar Ridge, carried by the Agulhas Undercurrent. The mean value for this meridional thermohaline recirculation is 8.8 ± 4.4 Sv between 26°S and 32°S. The Agulhas Undercurrent (11 Sv) is associated with a weak Agulhas Current (55 Sv). The MOC is thus trapped in the western margin of the Southwest Indian Ridge. The corresponding vertical velocity along 32°S between 30°E and 42°E is 7.2 × 10?5 ± 8.9 × 10?5 cm s?1. The net meridional heat flux represents ?0.53 PW at 18°S and ?0.33 PW at 32°S (negative values for southward transports). The intensity of the meridional heat flux is linked to the intensity of the Agulhas Current and to the vertical mixing. date: 2007-07 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Sultan, E., Mercier, H. and Pollard, R.T. (2007) An inverse model of the large scale circulation in the South Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 74 (1), 71-94. (doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.02.001 ). relation: 10.1016/j.pocean.2007.02.001 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/264465/ title: Open Access for Indian Scholarship creator: Swan, Alma description: India’s scholarship has ancient roots and a glorious heritage. Over the last few decades in particular, due to the way the scholarly communication system overall has developed in that time, India’s academic output has suffered from low visibility and poor dissemination. At the moment, global visibility is good for Indian articles that are published in the best ‘western’ journals and in Indian journals indexed by the major abstracting/indexing services, such as ISI’s Web of Science. Moreover, for Indian articles deposited in open access collections in India or those that are co-authored with scientists in other parts of the world who have deposited them in Open Access repositories outside the continent, visibility is maximal. This still leaves a lot of Indian output– most of it in fact – virtually invisible to the rest of the world. India’s investment–intellectual, effort and cash–can never hope to gain a good return this way. The article focuses on how open access can help resolve the problems of maximising the visibility, and thus the uptake and use, of Indian research outputs. The mechanisms to provide open access to scholarly communications, impediments to Open Access in India, and how self archiving can provide a boost to open access movement has been highlighted in this document. The author argues that it is important to emphasise that only mandatory policies work well. Policies that just encourage or even request authors to make their work Open Access do not result in a sizeable level of compliance. date: 2008-01 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/264465/1/Article_for_Usha.doc identifier: Swan, Alma (2008) Open Access for Indian Scholarship. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 28 (1). relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351002/ title: The role of the intra-daily SST variability in the Indian monsoon variability and monsoon-ENSO–IOD relationships in a global coupled model creator: Terray, Pascal creator: Kamala, Kakitha creator: Masson, Sébastien creator: Madec, Gurvan creator: Sahai, A.K. creator: Luo, Jing-Jia creator: Yamagata, Toshio description: The impact of diurnal SST coupling and vertical oceanic resolution on the simulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and its relationships with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events are studied through the analysis of four integrations of a high resolution Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM), but with different configurations. The only differences between the four integrations are the frequency of coupling between the ocean and atmosphere for the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) parameter (2 vs. 24 h coupling) and/or the vertical oceanic resolution (31 vs. 301 levels) in the CGCM. Although the summer mean tropical climate is reasonably well captured with all the configurations of the CGCM and is not significantly modified by changing the frequency of SST coupling from once to twelve per day, the ISM–ENSO teleconnections are rather poorly simulated in the two simulations in which SST is exchanged only once per day, independently of the vertical oceanic resolution used in the CGCM. Surprisingly, when 2 h SST coupling is implemented in the CGCM, the ISM–ENSO teleconnection is better simulated, particularly, the complex lead-lag relationships between the two phenomena, in which a weak ISM occurs during the developing phase of an El Niño event in the Pacific, are closely resembling the observed ones. Evidence is presented to show that these improvements are related to changes in the characteristics of the model’s El Niño which has a more realistic evolution in its developing and decaying phases, a stronger amplitude and a shift to lower frequencies when a 2-hourly SST coupling strategy is implemented without any significant changes in the basic state of the CGCM. As a consequence of these improvements in ENSO variability, the lead relationships between Indo-Pacific SSTs and ISM rainfall resemble the observed patterns more closely, the ISM–ENSO teleconnection is strengthened during boreal summer and ISM rainfall power spectrum is in better agreement with observations. On the other hand, the ISM–IOD teleconnection is sensitive to both SST coupling frequency and the vertical oceanic resolution, but increasing the vertical oceanic resolution is degrading the ISM–IOD teleconnection in the CGCM. These results highlight the need of a proper assessment of both temporal scale interactions and coupling strategies in order to improve current CGCMs. These results, which must be confirmed with other CGCMs, have also important implications for dynamical seasonal prediction systems or climate change projections of the monsoon. date: 2012-08 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Terray, Pascal, Kamala, Kakitha, Masson, Sébastien, Madec, Gurvan, Sahai, A.K., Luo, Jing-Jia and Yamagata, Toshio (2012) The role of the intra-daily SST variability in the Indian monsoon variability and monsoon-ENSO–IOD relationships in a global coupled model. Climate Dynamics, 39 (3-4), 729-754. (doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1240-9 ). relation: 10.1007/s00382-011-1240-9 language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/45997/ title: Numerical modelling of Non-Transform Discontinuity geometry: Implication for ridge structure, volcano-tectonic fabric development and hydrothermal activity at segment ends. creator: Tyler, S. creator: Bull, J.M. creator: Parson, L.M. creator: Tuckwell, G.W. description: Ocean ridge discontinuities partition and offset spreading centres at a range of scales. Large scale discontinuities (10's–100's km) are synonymous with first-order transform faults, which have well defined linear fault zone valleys. In contrast, Non-Transform Discontinuities (NTDs) are diffuse, smaller scale offsets (0 to b20 km), characterised by central basins or topographic highs. The geometry of NTD offsets can be categorised by the sense of offset, either right-stepping or left-stepping, and by the relative positions of the segment tips. The segment tip configurations include under-lapping, over-lapping or simple across-axis jumps or stepping in the ridge axis. In this study finite difference software is used to model segment geometry at a slow-spreading ridge under a normal tensile-stress within a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Along- and across-axis segment separations were varied incrementally for left- and right-stepping senses. The results show that the ratio of along-axis to across-axis segment tip separation is a dominant control of stress field rotation within an NTD. Features which most clearly show rotation within an NTD include basins and tectonically controlled constructional ridges. The obliquity of these features along with measurements of the surrounding fault fabrics are used as a way of observing and determining stress rotations within NTDs along the Central Indian Ridge (CIR). These rotations were used to obtain segment geometries from models where the central tensor showed an equivalent
rotation. The results show that geometry has a profound effect on stress field rotation under which large- and small-scale volcanotectonic fabrics form. In addition, a shortfall of the predicted model tip relative to interpreted positions, along with morphology and observation of the ridge fabrics at the terminations to some segments, suggests the existence of a zone, broadly analogous to the
process zone observed in fracture mechanics, which we call a damage zone. Given the criteria for the promotion of hydrothermal circulation, this damage zone would have a greater potential for hosting hydrothermal activity.
date: 2007-05-15 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/45997/1/EPSL_published.pdf identifier: Tyler, S., Bull, J.M., Parson, L.M. and Tuckwell, G.W. (2007) Numerical modelling of Non-Transform Discontinuity geometry: Implication for ridge structure, volcano-tectonic fabric development and hydrothermal activity at segment ends. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 257 (1-2), 146-159. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.028 ). relation: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.028 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/7851/ title: Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents creator: Van Dover, C.L. creator: Humphris, S.E. creator: Fornari, D. creator: Cavanaugh, C.M. creator: Collier, R. creator: Goffredi, S.K. creator: Hashimoto, J. creator: Lilley, M.D. creator: Reysenbach, A.L. creator: Shank, T.M. creator: Von Damm, K.L. creator: Banta, A. creator: Gallant, R.M. creator: Gotz, D. creator: Green, D. creator: Hall, J. creator: Harmer, T.L. creator: Hurtado, L.A. creator: Johnson, P. creator: McKiness, Z.P. creator: Meredith, C. creator: Olson, E. creator: Pan, I.L. creator: Turnipseed, M. creator: Won, Y. creator: Young, C.R. creator: Vrijenhoek, R.C description: Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances. date: 2001 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Van Dover, C.L., Humphris, S.E., Fornari, D., Cavanaugh, C.M., Collier, R., Goffredi, S.K., Hashimoto, J., Lilley, M.D., Reysenbach, A.L., Shank, T.M., Von Damm, K.L., Banta, A., Gallant, R.M., Gotz, D., Green, D., Hall, J., Harmer, T.L., Hurtado, L.A., Johnson, P., McKiness, Z.P., Meredith, C., Olson, E., Pan, I.L., Turnipseed, M., Won, Y., Young, C.R. and Vrijenhoek, R.C (2001) Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science, 294 (5543), 818-823. (doi:10.1126/science.1064574 ). relation: 10.1126/science.1064574 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/52439/ title: Origin of continental components in Indian Ocean basalts: evidence from Elan Bank (Kerguelen Plateau, ODP Leg 183, Site 1137) creator: Weis, D. creator: Ingle, S. creator: Damasceno, D. creator: Frey, F.A. creator: Nicolaysen, K. creator: Barling, J. creator: Coffin, M.F. description: Basalts forming the floor of the Indian Ocean are geochemically distinct from those of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These differences have been attributed to a deeply recycled continental component or to widespread dispersion of plume-type mantle within the Indian Ocean asthenosphere. The discovery of Proterozoic continental crustal rocks within the uppermost basaltic basement of Elan Bank, part of the Kerguelen Plateau, shows instead that direct shallow-level contamination of basaltic magmas by isolated continental crust fragments may have produced the anomalous isotopic ratios of some Indian Ocean basalts.
date: 2001-02 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Weis, D., Ingle, S., Damasceno, D., Frey, F.A., Nicolaysen, K., Barling, J. and Coffin, M.F. (2001) Origin of continental components in Indian Ocean basalts: evidence from Elan Bank (Kerguelen Plateau, ODP Leg 183, Site 1137). Geology, 29 (2), 147-150. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0147:OOCCII>2.0.CO;2 2.0.CO;2>). relation: http://www.gsajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613%282001%29029%3C0147%3AOOCCII%3E2.0.CO%3B2 relation: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0147:OOCCII>2.0.CO;2 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336426/ title: Sailing with the Mu’allim: The technical practice of sailing in the Medieval Red Sea creator: Whitewright, J. description: In most periods of its history, the Red Sea has acted as a conduit for communication, trade and exchange for a range of cultures in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and along the shores of the Red Sea itself. This is particularly true in the medieval period when sailing vessels from all over the Indian Ocean plied the waters of the Red Sea. To fully appreciate the human endeavour of this complex exchange system an attempt must be made to investigate and understand the technical practices utilised by medieval mariners when sailing on the Red Sea. Direct archaeological evidence for such practices remain frustratingly absent from the archaeological record. However, a rich corpus of historical sources survive that can greatly inform our understanding of this subject. The writings and treatises of Indian Ocean navigators such as Ibn M?jid and Sulaim?n al-Mahr? provide clear evidence for the nature of sailing rigs, the practices used when under sail and the probable performance of medieval sailing vessels in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Addressing these texts purely from the perspective of sailing and voyaging allows a detailed layer of technical information to be added to our existing knowledge of Red Sea sailing and navigation during the medieval period


publisher: Archaeopress contributor: Agius, Dionisius A. contributor: Cooper, John P. contributor: Trakadas, Athena contributor: Zazzaro, Chiara date: 2012 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: PeerReviewed identifier: Whitewright, J. (2012) Sailing with the Mu’allim: The technical practice of sailing in the Medieval Red Sea. Agius, Dionisius A., Cooper, John P., Trakadas, Athena and Zazzaro, Chiara (eds.) In Navigated Spaces, Connected Places: Proceedings of Red Sea Project V held at the University of Exeter September 2010. Archaeopress. pp. 147-156 . relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/181821/ title: Placental programming of blood pressure in Indian children creator: Winder, Nicola R. creator: Krishnaveni, Ghattu V. creator: Hill, Jacqueline C. creator: Karat, Chitra L. S. creator: Fall, Caroline H. D. creator: Veena, Sargoor R. creator: Barker, David J. P. description: Aim: To determine whether the size and shape of the placental surface predict blood pressure in childhood.
Methods: We studied blood pressure in 471 nine-year-old Indian children whose placental length, breadth and weight were measured in a prospective birth cohort study.
Results: In the daughters of short mothers (<median height), systolic blood pressure(SBP) rose as placental breadth increased (b = 0.69 mmHg? cm, p = 0.05) and as
the ratio of placental surface area to birthweight increased (p = 0.0003). In the daughters of tall mothers, SBP rose as the difference between placental length and breadth increased(b = 1.40 mmHg? cm, p = 0.007), that is as the surface became more oval. Among boys, associations with placental size were only statistically significant after adjusting for current BMI and height. After adjustment, SBP rose as placental breadth, area and weight decreased (for breadth b = )0.68 mmHg? cm, p < 0.05 for all three measurements).
Conclusions: The size and shape of the placental surface predict childhood blood pressure. Blood pressure may be programmed by variation in the normal processes of placentation: these include implantation, expansion of the chorionic surface in mid-gestation and compensatory expansion of the chorionic surface in late gestation.
date: 2011-05 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Winder, Nicola R., Krishnaveni, Ghattu V., Hill, Jacqueline C., Karat, Chitra L. S., Fall, Caroline H. D., Veena, Sargoor R. and Barker, David J. P. (2011) Placental programming of blood pressure in Indian children. Acta Paediatrica, 100 (5), 653-660. (doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02102.x ). (PMID:21166711 ) relation: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02102.x relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/26137/ title: Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study creator: Yajnik, C. S. creator: Fall, C. H. creator: Coyaji, K. J. creator: Hirve, S. S. creator: Rao, S. creator: Barker, D. J. P. creator: Joglekar, C. creator: Kellingray, S. description: OBJECTIVE: To examine body size and fat measurements of babies born in rural India and compare them with white Caucasian babies born in an industrialised country.
DESIGN: Community-based observational study in rural India, and comparison with data from an earlier study in the UK, measured using similar methods.
SUBJECTS: A total of 631 term babies born in six rural villages, near the city of Pune, Maharashtra, India, and 338 term babies born in the Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK.
MEASUREMENTS: Maternal weight and height, and neonatal weight, length, head, mid-upper-arm and abdominal circumferences, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, and placental weight.
RESULTS: The Indian mothers were younger, lighter, shorter and had a lower mean body mass index (BMI) (mean age, weight, height and BMI: 21.4 y, 44.6 kg, 1.52 m, and 18.2 kg/m2) than Southampton mothers (26.8 y, 63.6 kg, 1.63 m and 23.4 kg/m2). They gave birth to lighter babies (mean birthweight: 2.7 kg compared with 3.5 kg). Compared to Southampton babies, the Indian babies were small in all body measurements, the smallest being abdominal circumference (s.d. score: -2.38; 95% CI: -2.48 to -2.29) and mid-arm circumference (s.d. score: -1.82; 95% CI: -1.89 to -1.75), while the most preserved measurement was the subscapular skinfold thickness (s.d. score: -0.53; 95% CI: -0.61 to -0.46). Skinfolds were relatively preserved in the lightest babies (below the 10th percentile of birthweight) in both populations.
CONCLUSIONS: Small Indian babies have small abdominal viscera and low muscle mass, but preserve body fat during their intrauterine development. This body composition may persist postnatally and predispose to an insulin-resistant state. date: 2003 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Yajnik, C. S., Fall, C. H., Coyaji, K. J., Hirve, S. S., Rao, S., Barker, D. J. P., Joglekar, C. and Kellingray, S. (2003) Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27 (2), 173-180. (doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.802219 ). relation: http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v27/n2/abs/802219a.html relation: 10.1038/sj.ijo.802219 relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/19363/ title: Report of the 1st Indian Ocean Panel and the 6th Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel Joint Meeting (Pune, India, 18-20 February 2004) creator: Yan, Z. creator: Sparrow, M. creator: Webster, P. creator: Slingo, J. creator: Cattle, H. publisher: International CLIVAR Project Office date: 2005 type: Monograph type: NonPeerReviewed format: text language: en identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/19363/1/AAMP6report.htm identifier: Yan, Z., Sparrow, M., Webster, P., Slingo, J. and Cattle, H. , International CLIVAR Project Office (2005) Report of the 1st Indian Ocean Panel and the 6th Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel Joint Meeting (Pune, India, 18-20 February 2004) (ICPO Publication Series, 80) Southampton, UK. International CLIVAR Project Office relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/357313/ title: Knowing the test takers: investigating Chinese and Indian EFL/ESL students’ performance on PTE Academic creator: Zheng, Ying creator: Wei, Wei description: The study investigated Chinese and Indian test takers’ performance on the Pearson Test of English Academic (PTE Academic) and their motivation and anxiety-related factors and linguistic confidence. The association between the affective variables investigated and test performance was compared between test takers from these two countries that have the highest number of English as second language (ESL) and English as foreign language (EFL) students. The results indicated that: a) Chinese and Indian students differ in their PTE Academic performance; b) observed score differences between test takers from the two countries can be partially explained by the variance in their affective factors in English learning and testing. The study suggests that a score profile which contains not only overall scores but also communicative scores and enabling scores can provide additional relevant information for diagnostic and placement purposes. EFL and ESL teachers need to take affective factors into consideration when understanding their students and placing them in different teaching groups and designing their tailored classroom activities. date: 2014-03 type: Article type: PeerReviewed format: text language: en rights: accepted_manuscript identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/357313/1/Zheng_Wei_Asian_EFL_2014_accepted_manuscript.pdf format: text language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/357313/2/Zheng%2520%2526%2520Wei_Asian%2520EFL%2520%25202014.pdf identifier: Zheng, Ying and Wei, Wei (2014) Knowing the test takers: investigating Chinese and Indian EFL/ESL students’ performance on PTE Academic. Asian EFL Journal, 16 (1), 119-151. language: English relation: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/15884/ title: Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the Northwest Himalaya, multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites creator: de Sigoyer, J. creator: Chavagnac, V. creator: Blichert-Toft, J. creator: Villa, I.M. creator: Luais, B. creator: Guillot, S. creator: Cosca, M. creator: Mascle, G. description: Multichronometric studies of the low-temperature eclogitic Tso Morari unit (Ladakh, India) place timing constraints on the early evolution of the northwest Himalayan belt. Several isotopic systems have been used to date the eclogitization and the exhumation of the Tso Morari unit: Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and Ar-Ar. A ca. 55 Ma age for the eclogitization has been obtained by Lu-Hf on garnet, omphacite, and whole rock from mafic eclogite and by Sm-Nd on garnet, glaucophane, and whole rock from high-pressure metapelites. These results agree with a previously reported U-Pb age on allanite, and together these ages constrain the subduction of the Indian continental margin at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. During exhumation, the Tso Morari rocks underwent thermal relaxation at about 9 ± 3 kbar, characterized by partial recrystallization under amphibolite facies conditions ca. 47 Ma, as dated by Sm-Nd on garnet, calcic amphibole, and whole rock from metabasalt, Rb-Sr on phengite, apatite, and whole rock, and Ar-Ar on medium-Si phengite from metapelites. Ar-Ar analyses of biotite and low-Si muscovite from metapelites, which recrystallized at <5 kbar toward the end of the exhumation, show that the Tso Morari unit was at upper crustal levels ca. 30 Ma. These results indicate variable exhumation rates for the Tso Morari unit, beginning with rapid exhumation while the Indian margin subduction was still active, and later proceeding at a slower pace during the crustal thickening associated with the Himalayan collision. date: 2000 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: de Sigoyer, J., Chavagnac, V., Blichert-Toft, J., Villa, I.M., Luais, B., Guillot, S., Cosca, M. and Mascle, G. (2000) Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the Northwest Himalaya, multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites. Geology, 28 (6), 487-490. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<487:DTICSA>2.0.CO;2 2.0.CO;2>). relation: http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613(2000)28%3C487:DTICSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 relation: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<487:DTICSA>2.0.CO;2