28 April- 2 May 1997, Washington DC, USA
SUMMARY
SSG-6 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTION ITEMS
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
CLIVAR CONFERENCE, NEXT SSG MEETING
PROGRAMME OVERSIGHT AND IMPLEMENTATION
EXCHANGES
1. OPENING
Kevin Trenberth, SSG Co-Chair, opened the session, welcoming new members A. Busalacchi, J. Jouzel, C. Li and D. Martinson and thanking especially all members whose terms expired at the end of last year (A. Gordon, D. Anderson and J.C. Duplessy) for their service. Dr Trenberth expressed his appreciation to all SSG members and invitees (see Appendix A) who had carried out substantial preparations in advance in order to make this meeting a success. He also thanked the US National Academy of Sciences for hosting the meeting and welcomed special guests. He went on to note that the main objective of the meeting was to review the status of the draft Implementation Plan and to make recommendations on how to move CLIVAR implementation forward. The large number of meetings carried out in the last year to develop CLIVAR implementation plans and to coordinate with other climate-related programmes was noted and those who had organized these meetings and participated were thanked. (See Appendix C.)
Dr Trenberth reviewed the events over the past year, and in particular the decisions taken at the two "Executive" meetings which had taken place since the last SSG meeting, one in Hamburg in December and the other in Boulder in January. Present at both meetings were the SSG Co-chairs and representatives from the ICPO and Joint Planning Staff of the WCRP, and, in Hamburg, SSG member Ed Sarachik. Decisions had been taken concerning the structure of the implementation plan and its review. The ICPO had been instructed to divide the Plan into two parts, a first volume which would include the aspects which applied to the programme as a whole, and a second which would lay out in some detail the individual "Principal Research Areas" (PRAs) which had been identified over the course of the past year by the various implementation planning meetings and workshops.
R. Allyn Clarke, SSG Co-chair, reviewed the recent Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) meeting where the state of the climate observing systems and the need for GCOS and related groups to establish a firm basis to maintain and implement these systems was discussed, amongst other topics. The new emphasis on START was noted and the role that the WCRP projects, and in particular, CLIVAR would play in implementing START initiatives. He reported on the establishment, jointly with SCOR, of an ad hoc Air Sea Flux Working Group which would consider whether the fluxes derived directly from observations were consistent with those from numerical models and the various reanalysis projects. Also, a study group had been formed to advise on how the cryosphere could be better incorporated into WCRP projects.
Organization of climate modelling within the WCRP was discussed in depth at the JSC meeting. In order to provide a more visible interface with the IPCC and to further highlight the importance of modelling within the WCRP, it was proposed to reconvene CLIVAR NEG-2 as the Working Group on Climate Modelling (WGCM) which would report directly to the JSC. After strong representation from the co-chairs of the CLIVAR SSG and from representatives of other WCRP projects, the JSC agreed that the Group could also report to the CLIVAR SSG. Membership of the Group would remain the same as that of the current NEG-2. Discussion ensued amongst the CLIVAR SSG members as to the consequences of this decision, and in particular, whether this Group would be sufficiently concerned with issues related to natural variability of climate on decadal to centennial time scales (CLIVAR DecCen). E. Sarachik agreed to draft a letter on this topic for the CLIVAR SSG chairs to send to the WGCM chair. J. Mitchell, who is both a member of the NEG-2 and the CLIVAR SSG, was asked to report back to the SSG after the first meeting of the WGCM, with particular attention to the range of topics which would be taken on board by the newly formulated Group.
Only a summary of the CLIVAR implementation plan had been presented to the JSC. Members expressed a desire during the course of the meeting to examine the draft document in more depth, and, upon doing so, they expressed satisfaction with the general progress being made. There was some concern as to whether there might be too many sub-foci, and whether the sense of a well-integrated overall programme was lost by placing emphasis on the individual PRAs. JSC members suggested that the final document could also gain the sense of focus by grouping the PRAs under common themes such as monsoons and Atlantic variability.
The Agenda (Appendix B) was adopted with some minor modifications to allow more time for discussion of the overall integration of the implementation plan. The first three days of the meeting would be devoted to review and discussion of the implementation plan. Thursday's agenda was designed to allow national agencies and representatives to report on their CLIVAR-related activities and plans and to address how best to secure additional national commitments to meet CLIVAR requirements.
2. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Michael Coughlan, Director of the International CLIVAR Project Office (ICPO) gave an overview of the Implementation Plan in its current two-volume format. As per discussions at the Hamburg *Executive* meeting, the Plan was being prepared with a primary objective of providing the basis for discussions at a CLIVAR implementation conference; the current schedule called for publication late in 1997. K. Trenberth described the review process for the current draft which had been developed at the *Executive* meeting in Boulder in January. Two scientists who were familiar with a particular PRA, but who had not been intimately involved in writing, had been assigned to review and/or lead a review of each individual PRA in preparation for the current SSG meeting. One of the authors was asked to briefly present each PRA at the SSG meeting and one of the two reviewers was charged to summarize the comments and suggestions which had been made and lead a discussion with the SSG on what was needed to finalize the document for publication. Reviewers were asked to structure their presentation to address certain common points, i.e., is the written material well- structured, are global aspects dealt with sufficiently, will this PRA, as described, advance overall CLIVAR objectives, and is it cohesive enough?
Three days were devoted to review of the draft Implementation Plan. The PRAs were presented as outlined above; the individuals responsible for the presentations and discussion leaders are identified in Appendix B. Detailed recommendations for changes and additions to the current draft were passed on to the writing groups via the Project Office. The following major points arising from the discussions were underlined by the SSG:
It was generally agreed that each PRA should identify more clearly (1) what is being done now, (2) what would be a modest enhancement, and (3) what is really quite new. It was decided that A3 - Regional Climate Modelling, although important to many aspects of CLIVAR, was not appropriate as a stand-alone PRA. It was agreed that this topic would be covered within each of the individual PRAs which required regional modelling.
There was considerable discussion as to the actual purpose of the plan, how priorities would be set, and the extent to which the document should be further reviewed and revised. E. Sarachik, noting the remarkable agreement amongst the various planning meetings concerning what problems needed to be addressed, urged that not too much more time be spent on refining the plan. Nations should be invited to the conference to present their priorities and how they envisaged executing them. Then subsequent implementation plans would be issued which would identify what was already being done, where gaps existed and suggestions of how those gaps might be filled. More time should be spent, he felt, on getting nations to sign on to various aspects of the plan. This view was generally accepted by the Group and the Project Office was urged to accelerate plans for publication of the initial Implementation Plan.
D/ICPO presented a layout for a CLIVAR brochure which was intended for distribution at the WCRP Conference to take place at the end of August. The SSG decided that, instead of publishing a brochure and a two-volume Implementation Plan, the ICPO should merge the brochure and Volume 1. This document should be produced in glossy format and would provide the overall framework and integration of the projects as well as brief descriptions of the PRAs. Authors were identified to provide material on the overall vision and strategy for the programme as well as integrating themes. This glossy document was to be published in time for the WCRP Conference. The balance of the material, including details of the PRAs and global integration, would appear in a single-volume initial CLIVAR Implementation Plan which would be the background for the CLIVAR conference. The ICPO undertook to produce a complete draft of this volume by the end of August.
3. CLIVAR CONFERENCE
The SSG confirmed its intention to hold a CLIVAR conference to *launch* the programme as soon as feasible. Such a conference would be similar in purpose to the initial TOGA and WOCE Science Conferences and would be designed to give governments the opportunity to review the project plans, state what they would expect to contribute to implementing these plans, and identify gaps. The format would likely consist of an opening plenary session with brief presentation of the CLIVAR Implementation Plan, working groups in which individual pieces of the Plan would be discussed in more detail, and a final plenary at which countries would be encouraged to make statements summarizing their contributions and to adopt a conference statement. A three-day meeting was envisaged. The SSG decided to go ahead with the dates which had been reserved at Unesco Headquarters in Paris, France, namely 21-23 April 1998. The conflict with the annual EGS meeting was noted, but those present concluded that this was unlikely to detract from the success of the CLIVAR Conference since there was likely to be little overlap of participants at the two meetings. It was agreed that the SSG would meet immediately before and after the Conference.
The ICPO was charged to form a Conference Organizing Committee and to set into motion the necessary steps to hold such a meeting in April 1998. [Subsequently, the Conference has been rescheduled for 1-3 December 1998 at Unesco in Paris.]
4. AMERICAN MONSOON SYSTEM
Professor C. Roberto Mechoso (UCLA) presented a summary of the outcome of the Congress on American Monsoons which was held in Mexico City 17-20 March 1997. At this meeting scientists from a dozen nations reported on studies conducted during the past decade which have documented the major elements of the North American and South American warm season monsoon systems, their controlling influences on the environments of both continents and their impacts on the socio-economic well-being of the many nations which come under their influence. The Congress concluded that the time was right for a concerted international action to launch a research project on Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS). The CLIVAR SSG welcomed this recommendation and decided to create a VAMOS Panel whose job it would be to formulate a detailed scientific plan and conceptual design of such a project. Professor Carlos R. Mechoso was asked to chair the Panel.
In developing plans for VAMOS, the SSG noted that the Panel would need to be aware of the many national and multinational projects in the area, for instance GCIP, PIRATA, LBA and PACS. The work of the Panel would also need to be very closely linked to activities of the Inter-American-Institute, one of whose major thrusts is the societal impacts of climate variability over the Americas, and to those of the International Research Institute for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction, whose main emphasis during the next few years will be to exploit the predictability inherent in the tropical SST field and its impacts upon regional climate. Draft terms of reference for the Panel and the proposed list of participants can be found in Appendix D.
It was anticipated that the Group would conduct much of its business by electronic means, and that it would nominally meet on an annual basis. Representatives of the ICPO and JPS/WCRP noted that no funds had been foreseen to support the work of this Panel and that therefore members would be expected, whenever possible, to find institutional/national support for their participation in meetings. The first session of the Panel was likely to be held in conjunction with the annual AMS meeting 11-16 January 1998 in Phoenix, Arizona.
5. AFRICAN CLIMATE
Recognizing the importance of the African climate system in the context of global climate and the influence of global climate variations such as ENSO on African climate, the SSG invited a small group of interested scientists to organize a study session at the meeting. Presentations were made by Professor M. Jury (University of Zululand), Dr P. Lamb (University of Oklahoma), and Dr Y. Tourre (Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University).
Professor Jury discussed the influence of ENSO on vegetation patterns over southern Africa and identified two important ENSO signals, one in the western central tropical Indian ocean and the other in the southeastern tropical Atlantic, both of which strongly influenced inter-annual convective variability over southern Africa. Dr Lamb gave an overview of his project with the Moroccan weather service to develop a seasonal rainfall prediction capability, based in part on the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation index and precipitation in Morocco. Dr Tourre*s presentation focussed on the links between climate variability of the Atlantic Ocean and precipitation over Africa.
Based on these presentations and subsequent discussions, the SSG decided to form an African Climate Study Group. This Group would be responsible to the CLIVAR SSG for the development of a scientific plan and conceptual design for an international project to investigate the variability and predictability of the African climate and to assess the climatic factors which contribute to phenomena such as desertification. The SSG noted that emphasis should be given to the research needed to determine the predictability of African climate and to underpin prediction, and not to the prediction process itself or the applications. The Group should, however, consult with groups which are working on applications and making predictions and take into consideration their requirements when making plans for CLIVAR. The intention was that the African Study Group would also provide scientific input, on behalf of the CLIVAR SSG and the WCRP, to relevant START (Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training) activities in Africa.
The CLIVAR SSG asked Profs. Jury, Lamb and Tourre to work with the International CLIVAR Project Office to develop a suitable list of candidates for such a Group. The resulting list can be found in Appendix E. The Group would have a fixed two-year term in which to prepare a report for consideration by the CLIVAR SSG. The SSG asked Professor Jury to convene the Group and to work with the other members to develop whatever internal structure was deemed appropriate. It was intended that the Group do most of its work by correspondence and that only one meeting be held, early in 1998, in the form of a workshop.
6. COARE
Roger Lukas (U. Hawaii) reported on several outstanding issues related to COARE, including data management, the 1998 workshop, and the requirement for a coupled boundary layer working group. He summarized the overall status of COARE data management, noting that most data sets were being processed and submitted to the US NOAA National Climate Data Center (NCDC) which has the responsibility to archive the data. He expressed concern as to whether NCDC had the resources needed to maintain the COARE data catalogue, which had been developed and kept up to date by the International COARE Project Office until it closed.
In the context of this discussion other CLIVAR data issues were raised. The SSG recognized the need for someone who could identify problem areas, recommend solutions and develop an overall CLIVAR data management plan. The ICPO was charged to develop a proposal for a CLIVAR data manager.
The COARE 98 Workshop, scheduled for 7-14 July in Boulder CO, USA, was being designed to synthesize and review scientific results from COARE and also to encourage activity to translate COARE process study results to meet the requirements of individual WCRP projects and the WCRP as a whole. P. Webster noted that a lot still remained to be done with the COARE data. He suggested that CLIVAR should support the COARE proposal that CLIVAR form a working group to plan and coordinate ongoing activities related to the coupled boundary layer. The SSG was convinced that such a group would have a very different mandate than the newly formed WCRP/SCOR ad hoc Working Group on Air Sea Fluxes, both because the subject matter would be basically different, and, also, because the ad hoc group is charged to catalogue and compare existing flux data sets with model output and make recommendations, rather than to do new work.
Dr Lukas was asked to develop terms of reference and a suggested membership list for the proposed coupled boundary layer working group for consideration at the next SSG meeting. R.A. Clarke requested that a document should be prepared, by COARE, for the CLIVAR Conference which clearly lays out the transition of COARE into CLIVAR.
7. PROJECT OVERSIGHT
J. Gould, Director of the International WOCE Project Office led a discussion on oversight structures. He summarized the purpose of such structures as follows:
WOCE oversight infrastructure involved a mix of committees and ongoing activities such as the Data and Information Unit and the Hydrographic Project Office. The International Project Office provided continuity in all areas and linked the various oversight elements. Dr Gould noted that many of the structures in place for WOCE could be of use to CLIVAR. The SSG concurred and asked that the ICPO begin a dialogue with existing centres and groups and bring recommendations to the SSG as appropriate.
There was a general discussion on whether the existing CLIVAR standing committees were sufficient to manage the programme. It was noted that for DecCen there were several cross-cutting groups, such as the UOP, WGCM and Pages/CLIVAR WG, but that there was no single committee to provide a central focus for DecCen planning and oversight. The value of the defunct CCCO ocean basin panels was noted in bringing together scientists and observationalists from many nations interested in working in a particular ocean basin. The SSG concluded that it was not yet ready to recommend forming such panels for CLIVAR, but requested the AA Monsoon Panel to organize a meeting or workshop for people doing marine work in the area of interest. A clear need for coordination in the Atlantic, and particularly the North Atlantic, was recognized. As a first step, the SSG asked the ICPO to work with the WOCE Data and Information Unit (DIU) and Jacques Servain to compile an inventory of the many ongoing and planned activities in the Atlantic and to publish this as part of an article in Exchanges. G. Komen reported the Euroclivar would be holding a workshop sometime in 1998 to discuss the role of the Atlantic in climate and that the intention was to invite non-Europeans, as well. The SSG asked A. Busalacchi, R. Schmitt and F. Schott to provide liaison with Euroclivar, PiRATA, ACCE and ACCP and to recommend effective CLIVAR interactions with these activities as appropriate. There was general agreement that Panels with DecCen responsibilities were needed and that the ICPO should prepare concrete proposals for consideration at the next meeting.
The role of the Upper Ocean Panel with regard to DecCen and higher latitude phenomena was discussed. In light of comments by the WOCE community and some SSG attendees concerning the perceived limited scope of the Panel*s interests, the SSG asked that the Panel consider at its next meeting how it will approach the more global problem of upper ocean observations for climate research. The SSG also requested that the Panel recommend staggered terms for its existing membership to allow some new members onto the Panel.
8. NATIONAL REPORTS
The SSG invited a number of national and international agencies and organizations to brief the SSG on their interest in CLIVAR-related activities. The ensuing discussions touched on issues such as how the agency or organization saw it using or responding to the Implementation Plan in the planning of its activities, what documentation they would like to have before a CLIVAR science conference was called and the nature and level of their interest in CLIVAR activities.
Dr M. Cane led with a presentation on the International Research Institute for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction (IRI). He reviewed the mission of the IRI and noted that the concept was "end-to-end", i.e. from basic science through to applications. The IRI would look to CLIVAR for basic research advances, improved forecasting capabilities and model improvements. The strategic plan for IRI was still in draft form, but would be followed shortly by an implementation plan.
R. Lukas gave a brief overview of the proposed International Pacific Research Center for which he and A. Sumi co-chaired the feasibility study group. Current plans were to situate the Center at the University of Hawaii. Although at present only Japan was contributing funds, the intention was to develop a multinational effort. The thrust would be basic, not applied, climate research and would cover all time scales.
Professor A. Sumi presented a summary of Japanese activities relating to CLIVAR, in particular the new Frontier Research Programme for Global Change which is being developed primarily by JAMSTEC and NASDA. Professor T. Matsuno is the project leader and a project office has been established at JAMSTEC. Research interests include climate change prediction, hydrological cycle prediction, global warming and integrated modelling. Mr. Hishida of JAMSTEC outlined the TRITON project which will complement and expand upon the TAO moored array in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans and also the plans for the new research vessel "Mirai" which was to be launched in October 1997. K. Hanawa (Tohoko University) described the Subarctic Gyre Experiment (SAGE) which is planned to be a major contribution to DecCen studies in the Pacific.
R. Greenfield (NSF) gave an introductory overview of the US agency structure relevant to CLIVAR. He noted that US coordination of issues related to CLIVAR was the mandate of two working groups under the US Global Change Research Programme: DecCen and Seasonal to Interannual. Representatives from each of the major agencies concerned, namely NOAA, NSF, NASA and DOE, gave summary presentations of their agency's contribution to CLIVAR. K. Mooney of NOAA presented a programme of observations, prediction and data management spanning the full range of CLIVAR interests. K. Bergman explained how NASA was looking at the earth as an integrated system with emphasis on remote sensing from space. P. Crowley of DOE noted that his agency focussed on the impacts of energy use on the environment and the policy implications of global change. NSF*s mandate was to advance fundamental understanding of the physical, biological and chemical systems which make up the climate system and the interactions between them; Drs Itsweire, Zimmerman and Lettau described various aspects of NSF support for climate science. P. Webster and D. Martinson gave reports on the US National Research Council activities related to GOALS and DecCen, respectively. A US GOALS strategy document and a US DecCen science plan were both in draft form and were to be published soon.
G. Komen briefed the Group on the most recent Euroclivar activities, including plans for a workshop on the role of the Atlantic in climate variability on all time scales. A catalogue of European coupled models and a list of national CLIVAR contacts was in preparation.
Professor Mechoso provided a brief summary of the Interamerican Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), which was founded in 1992, to
Professor Mechoso felt that the IAI had been successful in greatly increasing the scientific exchange within the Americas, and that the IAI could help CLIVAR, and in particular VAMOS, integrate regional science efforts into the international programme.
Brief reports on national CLIVAR activities were also received, from Australia (N. Nicholls), China (C. Li), Germany (F. Schott) and the United Kingdom (J. Mitchell).
There was a vigorous discussion related to the need to identify greater funding for international CLIVAR infrastructure. It was agreed that nations should feel comfortable that all participating nations were sharing these costs appropriately, as well as that CLIVAR was obtaining an appropriate share of the resources already available to the WCRP for the operation of a climate research programme. The SSG recognized the need to approach more than just a few countries when seeking funds for planning and coordination activities, especially in the cases where the activity clearly contributes to direct progress in an area of research, as is often the case for CLIVAR panel activities. Because CLIVAR spans a range of ocean and atmospheric activities, most countries have several different national agencies each dealing with some aspect of interest to CLIVAR. It would assist CLIVAR if nations would undertake inter-agency coordination of CLIVAR issues within national structures and designate a single CLIVAR point of contact. Mechanisms, such as intergovernmental panels, through which national agencies could meet together to discuss resource issues related to CLIVAR, will be discussed as part of the CLIVAR conference.
9. ACSYS CONFERENCE
ACSYS will hold a major scientific conference, 3-6 November 1997 in the San Juan Islands in Washington, USA. The SSG observed from the programme and list of speakers provided that ACSYS appeared to be looking more broadly at the climate problem than in previous years. However, several SSG members noted the importance of polar processes for CLIVAR and expressed concern as to whether ACSYS would be considering all the necessary aspects. D. Martinson urged that CLIVAR be very explicit in its Implementation Plan about what are its requirements for polar studies to ensure that these do not get overlooked. H. Grassl briefed the SSG on the meeting of experts on the cryosphere organized by the WCRP which was held in March in Cambridge, UK. The recommendations arising from this meeting concerning requirements for further international coordination of cryosphere research related to climate will be reviewed at the ACSYS conference and a report will be prepared for the next JSC meeting. The JPS agreed to furnish SSG members with a list of the various existing Arctic and Antarctic coordinating groups and projects.
The SSG noted that it was too late to influence the structure of the ACSYS Conference, but generally endorsed the programme as it was presented. If requested, CLIVAR would consider funding speakers who could be identified as representing CLIVAR interests.
10. EXCHANGES
M. Coughlan asked the SSG to consider whether it wished to continue with the publication schedule of four newsletter issues per year, noting that this was a considerable strain on the limited ICPO staff and resources. The SSG complimented Mike and Andreas Villwock on the fine job they did of producing the newsletter, noting that it was a very useful and essential medium for communication for the project. The Group urged that, if at all possible, the ICPO continue on the quarterly publication schedule, even if it meant shortening some of the issues. SSG members were encouraged to submit and solicit articles.
11. CLOSURE
The Co-chairs thanked all the participants, and especially outgoing members A. Sumi, P. Webster and F. Schott. They also expressed their appreciation, on behalf of the entire Group, to the hosting agency, the US National Academy of Sciences, for the very pleasant working arrangements. Special thanks were extended to Dr Wm. Sprigg and Ms. Kelly Norsingle who organized local secretariat support.
APPENDICES
A. List of meeting participants
B. Agenda
C. List of meetings
D. VAMOS Panel terms of reference and membership
E. African Climate Study Group membership
APPENDIX A
List of Participants
SSG Members
Dr A. J. Busalacchi
Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 970/Bldg 22/Rm 274
Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA
tel: 1-301-286-6171
fax: 1-301-286-1761
tonyb@neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov
Dr R. A. Clarke
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Ocean Circulation Division
P.O. Box 1006
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2
Canada
tel: 1-902-426-2502, 426-4872
fax: 1-902-426-7827
a_clarke@bionet.bio.dfo.ca
Dr Chongyin Li
Institute of Atmospheric Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences
P.O.Box 2718
Beijing 100080
China
tel: 86-10-6256-0172
fax: 86-10-6256-2347
lcy@lasgsgi4.iap.ac.cn
Dr J. Jouzel
Laboratoire de Modélisation du Climat et de l'Environnement
CEA/CE-SACLAY-DSM
BP 1 Batiment 709
Orme des Merisiers
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex
France
tel: 33-1-6908-7713
fax: 33-1-6908-77161
jouzel@asterix.saclay.cea.fr
Dr D. Martinson
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Columbia University
Rt. 9W, PO Box 1000
Palisades, NY 10964-8000
USA
tel: 1-914-365-8830
fax: 1-914-365-8736
dgm@ldeo.columbia.edu
Dr J. Mitchell
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
Meteorological Office
London Road
Bracknell
Berkshire RG12 2SZ
United Kingdom
tel: 1344-85-6613
fax: 1344-85-6912
jfbmichell@meto.gov.uk
Dr N. Nicholls
Bureau of Meteorology
Research Centre
P.O.Box 1289K
Melbourne, Victoria 3001
Australia
tel: 61-39-669-4407
fax: 61-39-669-4660
n.nicholls@bom.gov.au
Dr E. Sarachik
Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Box 351640
Seattle, WA 98195-1640
USA
tel: 206-543-6720
fax: 206-685-3397
sarachik@atmos.washington.edu
Dr R. Schmitt
Dept. of Physical Oceanography, MS21
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
USA
tel: 508-289-2426
fax: 508-547-2181
rschmitt@whoi.edu
Prof. F. Schott
Institut fur Meereskunde an der
Universität Kiel
Düsternbrooker Weg 20
24105 Kiel
Germany
tel: 00-49-431-597-3820
fax: 00-49-431-597-3821
fschott@ifm.uni-kiel.d400.de
Prof. A. Sumi
Center for Climate System Research
University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku
Tokyo 153
Japan
tel: 00-81-3-5453-3951
fax: 00-81-3-5453-3964
sumi@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Dr K. E. Trenberth
Climate and Global Dynamics
NCAR
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, CO 80307
USA
tel: 303-497-1318
fax: 303-497-1333
trenbert@ncar.ucar.edu
Prof. P. Webster
University of Colorado
Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences
Campus P.O.Box 311
Boulder, CO 80309
USA
tel: 303-492-5882
fax: 303-492-3524
pjw@willywilly.colorado.edu
Ex Officio
Dr L. Bengtsson (NEG2/WGCM co-chair)
Max Planck Institut fur Meteorologie
Bundestrasse 55
D-20146 Hamburg 13
Germany
tel: 0049-40-411-73349
fax: 0049-40-411-73366
bengtsson@dkrz.de
Dr M. A. Cane (NEG1 co-chair)
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Columbia University
Palisades, NY 10964
USA
tel: 1-914-365-8344
fax: 1-914-365-8736
mcane@ldeo.columbia.edu
Dr B. Owens (WOCE SSG co-chair)
Dept. of Physical Oceanography
Clark Laboratory 2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
USA
tel: 508-548-2811
fax: 508-547-2181
breck@ursa.whoi.edu
Chair, JSC
Prof. W. L. Gates
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison
Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
P.O. 808, L-264
Livermore, CA 94551
USA
tel: 510-422-7642
fax: 510-422-7675
gates5@llnl.gov
Director, WCRP
Prof. H. Grassl
Director WCRP
c/o World Meteorological Organization
C.P. No. 2300
CH-1211 Geneva 2
Switzerland
tel: 41-22-7308 246
fax: 41-22-7340-357
grassl_h@gateway.wmo.ch
Invited Experts
Dr A. Alexiou
IOC Secretariat, Unesco
1 rue Miollis
F-75732 Paris Cedex 15
France
tel: 33-1-45-68-4040
fax: 33-1-45-68-5812
a.alexiou@unesco.org
Dr W. J. Gould
WOCE International Project Office
Room 256/17
Southampton Oceanography Centre
Express Dock
Southampton, Hants SO14 3ZH
United Kingdom
tel: 1703-596-208
fax: 1703-596-204
john.gould@soc.soton.ac.uk
Dr W. Gutowski, Jr.
Iowa State University
Dept. of Geology & Atmospheric Sciences
3021 Agronomy
Ames, IA 5001
USA
tel: 1-515-294-5632
fax: 1-515-294-3163
gutowski@iastate.edu
Dr K. Hanawa
Department of Geophysics
Graduate School of Science
Tohoko University
Aoba-ku
Sendai 980-77
Japan
tel: 81-22-217-6526
fax: 81-22-217-6530
hanawa@pol.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp
Dr M. Hishida
Ocean Research Department
JAMSTEC
2-15 Natsushima-Cho
Yokosuka 237
Japan
tel: 81-468-67-3870
fax: 81-468-65-3202
hishidam@jamstec.go.jp
Prof M. R. Jury
University of Zululand
c/o Geography Dept.
P.B. X1001
Kwadlangezwa 3886
South Africa
tel: 27 351 93911 Ext. 2626
fax: 27 351 93420
jury@physci.uct.ac.za
Dr Tom Karl
NCDC/NOAA
151 Patton Avenue
Ashville, NC 28801-5001
USA
tel: 1-704-271-4319
fax: 1-704-271-4328
tkarl@ncdc.noaa.gov
Dr G. J. Komen, Euroclivar coordinator
KNMI
P.O.Box 201
3730 AE De Bilt
Netherlands
tel: 31-30-220-6676
fax: 31-30-221-0407
komen@knmi.nl
Dr Y. Kuroda
JAMSTEC
2-15 Natsushima
Yokosuka 237
Japan
tel: 81-468-66-3811
fax: 81-468-65-3202
kuroday@jamstec.go.jp
Prof. P. J. Lamb
The University of Oklahoma
Co-operative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies
100 E. Boyd, Room 1110
Norman, OK 73019
USA
Fax: 1-405-325-7614
plamb@hoth.GCN.ou.edu
Dr W. Lau
Laboratory Atmosphere
NASA Goddard SFC, MC 913
Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA
Tel: 1-301 286-7208
Fax: 1-301-286-1759
lau@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
Dr A. Leetmaa
NOAA, W/NCEP
World Weather Bldg. Room 807
5200 Auth Road
Camp Springs, MD 20746
USA
tel: 301-763-8396
fax: 301-763-8125
wd01al@sun1.wwb.noaa.gov
Dr R. Lukas
Department of Oceanography
University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822
USA
tel: 1-808-956-7896
fax: 1-808-956-9222
rlukas@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu
Dr J. Marshall
Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
MIT(EPS)
77 Mass Ave
Cambridge, MA 02139
USA
tel: 1 617 253 0251
fax: 1 617 253 4464
marshall@gulf.mit.edu
Dr C. R. Mechoso
Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences
Univ of California-Los Angeles
405 Hilgard Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90024-1565
USA
tel: 1-310-825-3057
fax: 1-310-206-5219
mechoso@atmos.ucla.edu
Dr C. F. Ropelewski
Climate Analysis Center, W/NMC51
NOAA/NWS/NMC
World Weather Building, Room 604
5200 Auth Road
Washington, DC 20233
USA
tel: 301-763-8227
fax: 301-763-8395
wd52cr@sun1.wwb.noaa.gov
Dr E. Shea
Institute of Global Environment and Society
4041 Powder Mill Road #302
Calverton, MD 20705-3106
USA
tel: 301-595-7000
fax: 301-595-9793
shea@cola.iges.org
Dr J. Shukla
Institute of Global Environment and Society
4041 Powder Mill Road #302
Calverton, MD 20705-3106
USA
tel: 301-595-7000
fax: 301-595-9793
shukla@cola.iges.org
Dr Y. Tourre
c/o Dr W. White
Scripps Institute of Oceanography
8605 La Jolla Shores Drive
La Jolla, CA 92093-0230
USA
tourre@lamont.ldgo.colombia.edu
Dr P. D. Try
International GEWEX Project Office
1100 Wayne Ave
Suite 1210
Silver Spring, MD, 20910
USA
tel: 301-427-2089 Ext.37
fax: 301-427-2222
gewex@cais.com
Agency Representatives
Dr K. Bergman
NASA HQ, Code YS
300 E Street SW
Washington, D.C. 20546
USA
tel: 1-202-358-0765
fax: 1-202-358-2770
kbergman@hq.nasa.gov
Dr P. Crowley
Department of Energy
Box 241
Germantown, MD 20875
USA
Dr Lisa Dilling
NOAA/OGP
1100 Wayne Ave
Silver Sping
Maryland MD 20910
USA
Tel: 301 427 2089
Fax: 301 427 2073
dilling@ogp.noaa.gov
Dr J. S. Fein
Division of Atmospheric Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703-306-1527
fax: 703-306-0377
jfein@nsf.gov
Dr R. Greenfield
Atmospheric Science Division
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703 306 1520
fax: 703 306 0377
rgreenfi@nsf.gov
Dr E. Itsweire
Division of Ocean Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd., Rm 725
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703-306-1583
fax: 703-306-0390
eitsweir@nsf.gov
Dr R. B. Lambert
Division of Ocean Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703-306-1583
fax: 703-306-0390
rlambert@nsf.gov
Dr J.A. Leese
GCIP Office
NOAA/OGP; Suite 1225
1100 Wayne Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20901
tel: 301-427-2089 ext. 93
fax: 301-427-2222
leese@ogp.noaa.gov
Dr B. Lettau
Office of Polar Programs
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Ave., Rm 725
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703-306-1033
fax: 703-306-0139
blettau@nsf.gov
Dr K. Mooney
NOAA/OGP
1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1225
Silver Spring, MD 20910
USA
tel: 301-427-2089, ext. 14
fax: 301-427-2082
mooney@ogp.noaa.gov
Mr M. Patterson
NOAA/OGP
1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1225
Silver Spring, MD 20910
USA
tel: 301-427-2089, ext. 12
fax: 301-427-2073
patterson@ogp.noaa.gov
Dr A.J. Ray
NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
tel: 301-713-2465 ext. 126
fax: 301-713-0158
andrea.ray@noaa.gov
Ms R. Ronco
NOAA/OGP
1100 Wayne Ave.,
Suite 1225
Silver Spring, MD 20910
USA
tel: 301-427-2089
fax: 301-427-2073
ronco@ogp.noaa.gov
Dr L.F. Smith
Senior Program Officer
National Research Council
National Acedemy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Harris 466
Washington, DC, 20418
USA
tel: 1-202 334 2741
fax: 1-202 334 3825
Ismith@nas.edu
Dr Wm. Sprigg
National Research Council
Harris Building, Room 370
2001 Wisconsin Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20007
USA
tel: 202-334-3535
fax: 202-334-3825
wsprigg@nas.edu
Ms P. Stephens
Division of Atmospheric Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
tel: 703-306-1580
fax: 703-306-0390
pstephens@nsf.gov
Dr J. Todd
NOAA/OGP
1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1225
Silver Spring, MD 20910
USA
tel: 301-427-2089, ext. 32
fax: 301-427-2073
todd@ogp.noaa.gov
Dr S. Unninayar
Center of Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences
Code 930.5
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA
tel: 301-286-2757
fax: 301-286-1777
sunninayar@usra.edu
Dr H. Zimmerman
Division of Atmospheric Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
USA
hzimmerman@nsf.gov
Staff
Dr M. Coughlan
International CLIVAR Project Office
Max-Planck Institut fur Meteorologie
Bundesstr. 55
D-20146 Hamburg
Germany
tel: 49-40-41173-411
fax: 49-40-41173-413
michael.coughlan@clivar.dkrz.de
V. Detemmerman
WCRP
World Meteorological Organization
C.P. No. 2300
CH-1211 Geneva 2
Switzerland
tel: 41-22-7308 246
fax: 41-22-734 3181
grassl_h@gateway.wmo.ch
APPENDIX D
CLIVAR Variability of the American Monsoon System (VAMOS)
Panel
Provisional Terms of Reference
Members:
C.R. Mechoso (Chair, USA/Uruguay)
V. Magana (Vice-Chair, Mexico)
A. Busalacchi (USA, representing CLIVAR SSG and PiRATA)
V. Kousky (USA)
A. Moura (USA/Brazil, representing IRI)
J. Picaut (France)
J. Shuttleworth (USA)
P.L. Silva-Dias (Brazil)
C. Vera (Argentina)
M. Wallace (USA)
IAI Representative (H. Fuenzalida)
Chair, PACS Scientific Steering Committee (S. Esbensen)
APPENDIX E
CLIVAR African Climate Study Group
members:
O. Baddour (Morroco / ACMAD)
M.Harrison (UK)
F. Hounton (Benin)
M. Jury (South Africa, convenor)
P. Lamb (USA)
S. Nicholson (USA)
L. Ogallo (Kenya)
E. Poolman (South Africa)
F. Semazzi (WMO / CLIPS)
J. Servain (France / PiRATA)
W.Thiao (Senegal / USA)
Y. Tourre (France/USA)
L. Unganai (Zimbabwe / DMC)
N. Ward (UK/USA)
Ex Officio
P. Webster (CLIVAR SSG)