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Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models

Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models
Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models
Air-sea heat and freshwater water fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea play a crucial role in dense water formation. Here, we compare estimates of Mediterranean Sea heat and water budgets from a range of observational datasets and discuss the main differences between them. Taking into account the closure hypothesis at the Gibraltar Strait, we have built several observational estimates of water and heat budgets by combination of their different observational components. We provide then three estimates for water budget and one for heat budget that satisfy the closure hypothesis. We then use these observational estimates to assess the ability of an ensemble of ERA40-driven high resolution (25 km) Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the FP6-EU ENSEMBLES database, to simulate the various components, and net values, of the water and heat budgets. Most of the RCM Mediterranean basin means are within the range spanned by the observational estimates of the different budget components, though in some cases the RCMs have a tendency to overestimate the latent heat flux (or evaporation) with respect to observations. The RCMs do not show significant improvements of the total water budget estimates comparing to ERA40. Moreover, given the large spread found in observational estimates of precipitation over the sea, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the performance of RCM for the freshwater budget and this underlines the need for better precipitation observations. The original ERA40 value for the basin mean net heat flux is ?15 W/m2 which is 10 W/m2 less than the value of ?5 W/m2 inferred from the transport measurements at Gibraltar Strait. The ensemble of heat budget values estimated from the models show that most of RCMs do not achieve heat budget closure. However, the ensemble mean value for the net heat flux is ?7 ± 21 W/m2, which is close to the Gibraltar value, although the spread between the RCMs is large. Since the RCMs are forced by the same boundary conditions (ERA40 and sea surface temperatures) and have the same horizontal resolution and spatial domain, the reason for the large spread must reside in the physical parameterizations. To conclude, improvements are urgently required to physical parameterizations in state-of-the-art regional climate models, to reduce the large spread found in our analysis and to obtain better water and heat budget estimates over the Mediterranean Sea.
0930-7575
2067-2086
Sanchez-Gomez, E.
71f56556-9d48-4431-b053-dfae085beb5e
Somot, S.
158166ef-e3d4-4e18-8f70-5a72212d521b
Josey, S.A.
2252ab7f-5cd2-49fd-a951-aece44553d93
Dubois, C.
62a3c39a-c105-44ef-a6e3-96ddb3acc9a7
Elguindi, N.
9a7c18b4-791c-4f5b-8074-49e1a9d49947
Déqué, M.
2aa6bbde-1d36-4ace-afd4-048ac79625b2
Sanchez-Gomez, E.
71f56556-9d48-4431-b053-dfae085beb5e
Somot, S.
158166ef-e3d4-4e18-8f70-5a72212d521b
Josey, S.A.
2252ab7f-5cd2-49fd-a951-aece44553d93
Dubois, C.
62a3c39a-c105-44ef-a6e3-96ddb3acc9a7
Elguindi, N.
9a7c18b4-791c-4f5b-8074-49e1a9d49947
Déqué, M.
2aa6bbde-1d36-4ace-afd4-048ac79625b2

Sanchez-Gomez, E., Somot, S., Josey, S.A., Dubois, C., Elguindi, N. and Déqué, M. (2011) Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models. Climate Dynamics, 37 (9-10), 2067-2086. (doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1012-6).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Air-sea heat and freshwater water fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea play a crucial role in dense water formation. Here, we compare estimates of Mediterranean Sea heat and water budgets from a range of observational datasets and discuss the main differences between them. Taking into account the closure hypothesis at the Gibraltar Strait, we have built several observational estimates of water and heat budgets by combination of their different observational components. We provide then three estimates for water budget and one for heat budget that satisfy the closure hypothesis. We then use these observational estimates to assess the ability of an ensemble of ERA40-driven high resolution (25 km) Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the FP6-EU ENSEMBLES database, to simulate the various components, and net values, of the water and heat budgets. Most of the RCM Mediterranean basin means are within the range spanned by the observational estimates of the different budget components, though in some cases the RCMs have a tendency to overestimate the latent heat flux (or evaporation) with respect to observations. The RCMs do not show significant improvements of the total water budget estimates comparing to ERA40. Moreover, given the large spread found in observational estimates of precipitation over the sea, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the performance of RCM for the freshwater budget and this underlines the need for better precipitation observations. The original ERA40 value for the basin mean net heat flux is ?15 W/m2 which is 10 W/m2 less than the value of ?5 W/m2 inferred from the transport measurements at Gibraltar Strait. The ensemble of heat budget values estimated from the models show that most of RCMs do not achieve heat budget closure. However, the ensemble mean value for the net heat flux is ?7 ± 21 W/m2, which is close to the Gibraltar value, although the spread between the RCMs is large. Since the RCMs are forced by the same boundary conditions (ERA40 and sea surface temperatures) and have the same horizontal resolution and spatial domain, the reason for the large spread must reside in the physical parameterizations. To conclude, improvements are urgently required to physical parameterizations in state-of-the-art regional climate models, to reduce the large spread found in our analysis and to obtain better water and heat budget estimates over the Mediterranean Sea.

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Published date: 2011
Organisations: Marine Physics and Ocean Climate

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Local EPrints ID: 203579
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/203579
ISSN: 0930-7575
PURE UUID: cefb3c55-9cb9-4842-8cd9-b2a650ac9020

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Date deposited: 17 Nov 2011 13:20
Last modified: 14 Mar 2024 04:28

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Contributors

Author: E. Sanchez-Gomez
Author: S. Somot
Author: S.A. Josey
Author: C. Dubois
Author: N. Elguindi
Author: M. Déqué

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