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Impact of population structure, effective bottleneck time, and allele frequency on linkage disequilibrium maps

Impact of population structure, effective bottleneck time, and allele frequency on linkage disequilibrium maps
Impact of population structure, effective bottleneck time, and allele frequency on linkage disequilibrium maps
Genetic maps in linkage disequilibrium (LD) units play the same role for association mapping as maps in centimorgans provide at much lower resolution for linkage mapping. Association mapping of genes determining disease susceptibility and other phenotypes is based on the theory of LD, here applied to relations with three phenomena. To test the theory, markers at high density along a 10-Mb continuous segment of chromosome 20q were studied in African-American, Asian, and Caucasian samples. Population structure, whether created by pooling samples from divergent populations or by the mating pattern in a mixed population, is accurately bioassayed from genotype frequencies. The effective bottleneck time for Eurasians is substantially less than for migration out of Africa, reflecting later bottlenecks. The classical dependence of allele frequency on mutation age does not hold for the generally shorter time span of inbreeding and LD. Limitation of the classical theory to mutation age justifies the assumption of constant time in a LD map, except for alleles that were rare at the effective bottleneck time or have arisen since. This assumption is derived from the Malecot model and verified in all samples. Tested measures of relative efficiency, support intervals, and localization error determine the operating characteristics of LD maps that are applicable to every sexually reproducing species, with implications for association mapping, high-resolution linkage maps, evolutionary inference, and identification of recombinogenic sequences.
abbreviations, ld, linkage disequilibrium, ldu, ld unit, kya, thousand years ago, snp, single-nucleotide polymorphism, cM, centimorgan, ceph, centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain
0027-8424
18075-18080
Zhang, Weihua
1a759991-f2d4-4324-b8e2-c5b4c2b527d6
Collins, Andrew
7daa83eb-0b21-43b2-af1a-e38fb36e2a64
Gibson, Jane
855033a6-38f3-4853-8f60-d7d4561226ae
Tapper, William J.
9d5ddc92-a8dd-4c78-ac67-c5867b62724c
Hunt, Sarah
b4c58b2a-8111-4cf4-98f1-e099bfadb925
Deloukas, Panos
f8c385df-85e0-4769-9a5b-aaf03ec01d1f
Bentley, David R.
013a4621-98b8-4aac-bd17-afb394f35370
Morton, Newton E.
c668e2be-074a-4a0a-a2ca-e8f51830ebb7
Zhang, Weihua
1a759991-f2d4-4324-b8e2-c5b4c2b527d6
Collins, Andrew
7daa83eb-0b21-43b2-af1a-e38fb36e2a64
Gibson, Jane
855033a6-38f3-4853-8f60-d7d4561226ae
Tapper, William J.
9d5ddc92-a8dd-4c78-ac67-c5867b62724c
Hunt, Sarah
b4c58b2a-8111-4cf4-98f1-e099bfadb925
Deloukas, Panos
f8c385df-85e0-4769-9a5b-aaf03ec01d1f
Bentley, David R.
013a4621-98b8-4aac-bd17-afb394f35370
Morton, Newton E.
c668e2be-074a-4a0a-a2ca-e8f51830ebb7

Zhang, Weihua, Collins, Andrew, Gibson, Jane, Tapper, William J., Hunt, Sarah, Deloukas, Panos, Bentley, David R. and Morton, Newton E. (2004) Impact of population structure, effective bottleneck time, and allele frequency on linkage disequilibrium maps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (52), 18075-18080. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0408251102).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Genetic maps in linkage disequilibrium (LD) units play the same role for association mapping as maps in centimorgans provide at much lower resolution for linkage mapping. Association mapping of genes determining disease susceptibility and other phenotypes is based on the theory of LD, here applied to relations with three phenomena. To test the theory, markers at high density along a 10-Mb continuous segment of chromosome 20q were studied in African-American, Asian, and Caucasian samples. Population structure, whether created by pooling samples from divergent populations or by the mating pattern in a mixed population, is accurately bioassayed from genotype frequencies. The effective bottleneck time for Eurasians is substantially less than for migration out of Africa, reflecting later bottlenecks. The classical dependence of allele frequency on mutation age does not hold for the generally shorter time span of inbreeding and LD. Limitation of the classical theory to mutation age justifies the assumption of constant time in a LD map, except for alleles that were rare at the effective bottleneck time or have arisen since. This assumption is derived from the Malecot model and verified in all samples. Tested measures of relative efficiency, support intervals, and localization error determine the operating characteristics of LD maps that are applicable to every sexually reproducing species, with implications for association mapping, high-resolution linkage maps, evolutionary inference, and identification of recombinogenic sequences.

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More information

Published date: 28 December 2004
Additional Information: Published online before print December 16, 2004
Keywords: abbreviations, ld, linkage disequilibrium, ldu, ld unit, kya, thousand years ago, snp, single-nucleotide polymorphism, cM, centimorgan, ceph, centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain
Organisations: Human Genetics

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 25069
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/25069
ISSN: 0027-8424
PURE UUID: 98185ac5-83c7-45e7-89f7-28770fe41747
ORCID for Andrew Collins: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7108-0771
ORCID for Jane Gibson: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-8285
ORCID for William J. Tapper: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-1889

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Date deposited: 06 Apr 2006
Last modified: 16 Mar 2024 03:33

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Contributors

Author: Weihua Zhang
Author: Andrew Collins ORCID iD
Author: Jane Gibson ORCID iD
Author: Sarah Hunt
Author: Panos Deloukas
Author: David R. Bentley
Author: Newton E. Morton

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