Enriching Audio Support In A Hypermedia System. 
Stuart Goose and Wendy Hall.
CSTR 94-03
© University of Southampton
Department of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southampton
Southampton SO17 1BJ
Abstract
Many hypermedia systems support a wide variety of media such as text, video and pictures, but audio has been somewhat neglected.  The central reason that audio has not attracted as much attention as other media is its obvious lack of visual identity.  The visual nature of window-based applications, especially window-based hypermedia viewers, meant that the main focus of this work was to identify a meaningful representation of audio within a hypermedia context.
This paper introduces the sound viewer and describes the associated concepts.  The issues raised during development are also discussed in some depth.  This viewer facilitates the creation and traversal of links to and from sound media.  The audio media formats supported are WAV, CD Audio and MIDI.  The resultant viewer provides a unified and extensible framework for interacting with audio media operating from within a open hypermedia environment.
Microcosm is the product of research into open hypermedia systems conducted by a group within the department.  Microcosm can be augmented to support additional media with minimal overhead.  This is largely attributable to the open design of the system which is consequently an ideal experimentation vehicle for the sound viewer design.

Contents
1.	Introduction.	4
1.1	Sound	4
1.2	Visual Representation of Sound	4
1.2.1	Waveform	4
1.2.2	Traditional Musical Representations	4
1.2.3	No Representation	5
1.2.4	Selected Representation	5
1.4	Survey Of Existing Work	6
2.	Microcosm.	6
2.1	Brief Overview	6
2.2	Viewers	7
2.3	Classes of Viewers	7
2.4	Inadequacies With Audio Support In Microcosm	8
3.	Overview of the Sound Viewer.	9
3.1	Detail and Overview Windows	10
3.1.1	Zoom Facility	11
3.1.2	Changing Current Position	11
3.1.3	Mouse Pointer	11
3.2	Link Following	11
3.3	Position Counters	11
3.4	Selection Indicators	12
3.5	Audio Controls	12
3.6	Memory Store	12
3.7	User Options	12
4.	Program  Design.	13
4.1	Audio Device Independence	13
4.2	Hardware Consideration	14
5.	Future Work.	14
5.1	Additional Features	14
5.2	Musical Extensions	14
6.	Conclusions.	15
6.1	Automatic Buttons	15
6.2	Sound Within Microcosm	15
6.3	Sound Viewer In Use	16
7.	Acknowledgements.	16
8.	Appendix.	16
Bibliography.	20

1.	Introduction.
1.1	Sound
Although vision is generally accepted as the primary sense for normal sighted people, the auditory sense has some unique qualities [Eysenck86]:
	auditory stimuli has the ability to make a longer lasting impression upon an individual than visual stimuli. 
	an individual generally has better recall if the information was received aurally, as opposed to the individual reading it.
Charismatic orators are often remembered for their mesmerising delivery of famous speeches.  The three main issues a good public speaker must concern themself with are tone of voice, content and body language.  Of the three issues, the importance of warm, interesting and varied tone of voice far outweighs the other two issues, and serves to illustrate how we respond positively to exhilarating auditory stimuli.  Therefore audio support within any hypermedia system is an essential component for conveying both music and the spoken word.
1.2	Visual Representation of Sound
A sound viewer is perhaps a contradiction in terms, as sound is invisible to the eye.  The non-visual manifestation of audio was in complete contrast with all of the existing media and their associated viewers supported within Microcosm.  The visual nature of window-based applications, especially window-based hypermedia viewers, meant that the central issue regarding this project was to identify a meaningful visual representation of audio within a hypermedia context.
After observing commercial software and also consulting possible users (both computer aware and musically aware), some contrasting opinions were gathered regarding this central issue.
1.2.1	Waveform
The concept of using a waveform to represent the sound has been widely adopted by many computer applications in the audio domain.  This is largely because it is the easiest and most accessible representation of this media.
One advantage of having a waveform displayed graphically is that it provides an  accurate and visible manifestation of the sound sequence.  The waveform can then be used as a basis for editing, making selections and performing actions upon.
The consensus of opinion among those consulted was that a waveform was of limited benefit when listening to a sound sequence.  A naive user cannot easily relate a waveform to sound.  The most information they can glean from this representation is whether there is any sound or not, and hence whether it is relatively loud or quiet.
1.2.2	Traditional Musical Representations
Traditionally, music has been documented upon manuscript.  This entails using five parallel lines, the stave, to represent pitch, and suitably annotating it with symbols to represent notes of varying duration.  But this representation would only be desirable if the user had the ability to interpret such a notation.
The task of deducing the manuscript representation from the audio media and subsequently displaying it is not a trivial process, and such technology is currently only available for the MIDI format.
Another representation used by the music community is piano roll.  This is where a single octave of a piano is displayed vertically on the left hand side of the screen while markers depicting which keys are depressed at regular time intervals scroll from left to right across the display.
1.2.3	No Representation
If a waveform was adopted, there was concern that it would become a token audio representation, and also that it would be replicating part of the work already covered by many of the commercial applications.
So if waveforms were considered to be of little help to the uninitiated user, what other representations might be useful ?
Currently the majority of sound editing by studio engineers is performed manually without any visual aids.  All an engineer requires is fine control over the audio device for positioning the start and stop locations, and a playback facility for subsequent refinement of these positions. 
1.2.4	Selected Representation
It is essential to provide generic sound viewer that behaves uniformly across the spectrum of audio media.  As a consequence any visual representation must not be compromised by current and future audio formats supported.
When investigating the feasibility of displaying a waveform, it transpired that retrieving the information required was only possible from the WAV file format.  The manuscript and piano roll representations would only be applicable to music, as they would be meaningless if the sound recording was of a conversation.  Having to make any distinction between conversation and music was clearly undesirable as the appropriate representation would then vary.  Detecting whether the sound is of music or conversation is non-trivial and not within the focus of this work.
A list of requirements of a typical hypermedia author/user was made.  The essential points are listed below:
	to have fine control over the audio device
	to be able to identify the current position and duration of the sound sequence
	the ability to make a selection over a portion of the sound sequence to author an anchor, playback and subsequently refine that selection
	to be able to identify any links in the sound sequence
	to be able to follow any links in the sound sequence
When reviewing these requirements it became clear that the need for a specific conventional representation for the sound was not of such great importance as first thought.  The majority of hypermedia users are unlikely to be musically trained, so the requirement for any specialist representation is limited, although a complete system would address this requirement.
During the specification stage initial reactions to the viewer possibly not having a conventional graphical representation of the sound were unfavourable.  But the more the idea was considered and how it related to hypermedia, the more it seemed both plausible and practical.  The user interface is elucidated upon in section 3.
1.4	Survey Of Existing Work
Considering that sound is an essential medium for communicating thoughts and ideas, it would seem natural to assume that it would form an integral part of any hypermedia system.  But after reading various papers from the hypermedia genre, even within such influential systems as Intermedia [Yankelovich88] and Athena Muse [Champine90], there seemed to be no documented evidence of the development of an audio viewer that supported link creation and traversal.
A significant amount of commercial software is currently available that facilitates manipulation of audio media from within a GUI environment.  A variety of these tools and their respective user interfaces were observed in order to identify the most effective and successful paradigms adopted for work within an audio context.
Video and audio are examples of temporal media, with systems such as Intermedia and The Elastic Charles [Brondmo90] among the first to provide handling for temporal media.  The developers of Intermedia also introduced the concept of active anchors [Palaniappan90], where the consequence of traversing a link to an active anchor results in the presentation of dynamic information associated with that anchor.
2.	Microcosm.
Microcosm is the product of research into open hypermedia systems conducted by a group within the department.  Microcosm provides an open hypermedia environment, allowing linking between many different media types without the need to modify these resources in any way.
The most advanced version of Microcosm runs on PC under Microsoft Windows 3.1, but parallel developments for UNIX and Macintosh platforms are underway.
2.1	Brief Overview
The Microcosm model was first described in [Fountain90].  It is best understood as a set of autonomous communicating processes which supplement the operating system facilities.  From within Microcosm the user interacts with a  viewer.  A viewer is responsible for providing an interface for allowing the author/user to manipulate a particular media type and also to create and traverse links.  Messages to perform actions are sent from the viewer to Microcosm, which then dispatches the message through a chain of filters.  Each of the filters is then given the opportunity to respond to the message.  Based on the message contents, some filters may add new messages to the chain.  Eventually the message(s) will emerge from the chain arriving at the Link Dispatcher.  This will examine the messages to see if they contain any available actions (such as links to follow), and if so it will offer these actions to the user.

Fig 1 : The logical model of Microcosm.
Microcosm supports a wide variety of media such as text, video, audio and bitmaps.  The system can be augmented to support additional media with minimal overhead, this is largely attributable to the open design of the system.  When another media type is to be supported, a new viewer must be implemented, or an existing application's functionality augmented. 
2.2	Viewers
As described above, a viewer is responsible for providing an interface for allowing the author/user to manipulate a particular media type and also to create and traverse links.
The reasons for augmenting the host application with the hypermedia services are two fold.  The most obvious reason being that the original application is already available and also ideal for viewing and manipulating the data.  The alternative is developing a Microcosm viewer for that media type.  The second reason being that the user is comfortable with the operation of the host  application.  Many users would prefer to master these hypermedia services from within a familiar application as opposed to learning to use a totally new application.
2.3	Classes of Viewers
Microcosm supports three different classes of viewer.
Microcosm Aware This type of document viewer is able to communicate with Microcosm at an intimate level.  Messages are able to pass freely both to and from the rest of the system and so the viewer is fully integrated.
Microcosm Unaware These are viewers that are normally external applications that have not been modified in any way but are used to display information in the Microcosm environment.  They are invoked as a separate within the system but then exist outside of the Microcosm framework.  Because of the nature of generic links, this type of viewer can make use of them provided they can pass selection-based information between themselves and the Microcosm system.  By exploiting features of the GUI that allow applications to share data (for example, by the clipboard) this can be achieved and thus even a Microcosm oblivious application can have very limited hypermedia functionality.
Partially Microcosm Aware In between these two extremes there are applications which are initially Microcosm unaware, but can be modified to become at least partially Microcosm aware.  These are applications which have some form of programmability, and provide methods to allow communication with external applications by whatever means available, for example using the DDE interface that the Microcosm system provides.
Through these three methods, any existing application can be integrated into the hypermedia system to some degree, allowing Microcosm to provide the linking service between them.  Information can be stored in whatever format is the most convenient, and the application used to view that format can be used to display it, or another can be written.  Either way, the system itself is not limited to the types of information it can display and link between, but is open instead.
2.4	Inadequacies With Audio Support In Microcosm
Basic support for audio has been present within Microcosm for a considerable period now, but only by invoking a standard Microsoft Windows application to play a WAV file from the start through to completion.  This limited support for sound has had a significant negative impact on the amount of audio material incorporated within Microcosm applications by authors.  Some of the central reasons being:
	WAV file format was the only audio media supported.  The average user was not prepared to use the Microsoft Windows Sound Recorder to create a WAV file.  This process involves a degree of experimentation in order to determine the optimum recording levels to keep distortion to a minimum.  Reasonable quality recordings of conversations could be achieved, but recording music proved to be less successful.  An attempt was made to record an operatic excerpt from CD audio, which upon playback, resulted in the higher registers of the female vocal being intolerably distorted.
	The maximum length a recording to a WAV file can be is determined by how much computer memory is available.  WAV files also consume an enormous amount of disk space even for fairly short sound excerpts.  For example a WAV file 31.5 seconds in duration is 347.7 Kbytes.  Incorporating several AVI video and WAV sound files into a hypermedia application has the potential to consume very large quantities of storage space.
	When a user followed a link to an audio document Microcosm would launch the Microsoft Windows Sound Recorder application with the WAV file to be played.  From that moment onwards Microcosm was unable to have any influence over the application.  The author may have preferred to have a single copy of a WAV file in storage and have links to shorter extracts from that single conversation or piece of music.  This scenario could not be achieved, and once launched, the entire WAV file would have to be played to completion.  The above situation could only be achieved by creating several WAV files, which is wholly undesirable due to the recording process being time consuming and compounded by the possibility that some of the audio material will be replicated in these WAV files. 
	But perhaps the most serious limitation with this situation is that links cannot be created in or followed from audio.  This is a fundamental service that any hypermedia system would be expected to provide.  Every other viewer within Microcosm supports the actions of creating and follow links, it was now time to extend this basic requirement to encompass sound.
Consequently there was a pressing requirement for a purpose-built Microcosm sound viewer to address these shortcomings.  The new viewer described in this paper provides an interface for allowing the author/user to control the sound, and also facilitates creation and traversal of links to and from audio media.  The audio media formats that this viewer supports are WAV, CD Audio and MIDI.
3.	Overview of the Sound Viewer.
The design of a good user interface is of great importance to an application such as this as it will dictate how easy or difficult any interaction with audio media is to be.  This factor will also impact upon how prevalent audio media becomes within any subsequent hypermedia applications.
Fortunately, there already exists a well understood user model for interaction with audio devices.  This interface exploits the conventional control panel used by cassette decks and compact disc machines, as most people are familiar with their operation.  Those familiar features have been augmented to provide hypermedia functionality. The resultant user interface can be seen in Fig 2.  Several screen shots of the sound viewer in use within Microcosm can be found in the Appendix.
The individual features of the interface are now described and, where necessary, new terminology is introduced to describe its operation.
Two concepts that are central to the operation of the viewer are the concepts of the local and global views.  A local view is an authored subset of a sound sequence, e.g. the introduction to a song.  A global view is the song in its entirety.  For example, if an author was developing a hypermedia application about a classical symphony it would be desirable to be able to select small excerpts of the music that can be played when required.  If the symphony was stored on CD audio the author could make a link to a certain excerpt which could be played on request (a local view).  But at any time the user may have access to the global view and could listen to the symphony in its entirety.
Fig 2 :	The user interface of the sound viewer working with Microcosm.
3.1	Detail and Overview Windows
The sound viewer has two white rectangles almost spanning the width of the application window.  The large rectangle at the top will be referred to as the detail window, and the smaller window beneath it will be referred to as the  overview window.  
The length of the overview window represents the length of the sound sequence to be heard.  The black rectangle within the overview window moves from left to right as the sound sequence plays, providing a visual clue to the current position.  If any links are present within the sound sequence they are represented as horizontal lines drawn in the overview window at the relative position in the sound sequence.  The length of the line represents the period of time the link is valid.  
The black rectangle in the overview window represents the exploded view that can be seen in the detail window above.  As the black rectangle within the overview window moves along a more detailed view of any links is horizontally scrolled within the detail window, both in synchronisation with the sound playing.  Links are represented as horizontal lines within the overview window, but within the detail window they are mustard coloured rectangles.  Displayed within the mustard link rectangle is a textual annotation stating the destination document media type followed by a brief description of the link relationship (entered by the author when it was created).
3.1.1	Zoom Facility
As mentioned previously, the size of the black rectangle within the overview window is representative of the view in the detail window.  The user may resize the black rectangle in the horizontal direction using the mouse in the same manner a window is resized.  When the black rectangle is resized the corresponding view in the detail window is updated to reflect this change.  Thus the smaller the black rectangle within the overview window, the higher the zoom factor in the  detail window, and vice-versa.  Fig 4 in the Appendix demonstrates this feature.
3.1.2	Changing Current Position
The overview window is really an embellished scroll bar.  The current position in the sound sequence can be altered by dragging the black rectangle to the desired location.  The user may also click at a specified point within the overview window and the black rectangle will move there.
3.1.3	Mouse Pointer
To provide visual clues for the user, the mouse pointer changes in appearance to indicate that the mouse is in the correct position to either move or resize the black rectangle within the overview window.  The familiar four arrowheaded mouse cursor is displayed whenever the user places the mouse over the black rectangle, indicating that it may be moved.  The also familiar horizontal double arrowheaded mouse cursor is displayed whenever the mouse is positioned over either the left or right edge of the black rectangle, indicating that it may be resized.
3.2	Link Following
As described earlier, links are the annotated coloured rectangles displayed in the detail window.  The brief descriptions etched onto the links are presented to serve as clues to the relationship binding the two documents.  If the user hears either a musical or vocal phrase that they find interesting and find that a link is present in the detail window, the link annotation should be read.  If they are stimulated by this information and decide that they wish to find out more about this relationship, they will want to be able to follow this link.
To follow a link, the user must position the mouse pointer over the relevant link rectangle displayed within the detail window and perform a double click action.  This action can be performed both when a sound sequence is being played and when stopped.
3.3	Position Counters
Beneath the overview window are three group boxes housing some additional features.  At the bottom left there is a group box entitled Position Counters.  There are two times displayed within this box, one being the time elapsed since the start of the track and the other the duration of the sound sequence to be heard.
3.4	Selection Indicators
There is another group box situated at the bottom centre entitled Selection which houses two edit boxes labelled Start and Stop.  An author will demand a simple but accurate mechanism when selecting a portion of sound over which a link may be created.  These two edit boxes are equipped with up and down arrow icons which can be activated with the mouse to increment or decrement the link start and stop positions. The author may also edit the contents of these edit boxes directly if so desired.  The selection of sound is conventionally highlighted in black within the detail window.  The author is free to play the selection and then make subsequent refinements.  The selection can be cancelled by a single mouse click within the  detail window.
Once the user is satisfied with the portion of sound that they have selected, the Start Link or End Link option from the Action menu can be selected to create a link anchor.  The Microcosm link creation mechanisms are well documented [Heath92].  The link creation process using the sound viewer can be followed in Fig 6 and Fig 7 in the Appendix.
3.5	Audio Controls
The last group box situated at the bottom right entitled Audio Sequence Controls houses a collection of buttons that can be used to control the local view of the sound sequence.  The operation of the Play, Pause and Repeat controls are self explanatory.  If a portion of sound has been selected then the audio controls operate upon the selected portion.
3.6	Memory Store
During a sound sequence the user may hear something that is particularly interesting that they may wish to return to at a later stage for closer inspection.  This can be achieved by using the memory feature supported by the viewer.  Beneath the local audio controls are two buttons, Memory In and Memory Out.  When Memory In is clicked the viewer records the current position in the audio media.  At any time the user may interrogate the contents of the memory by clicking on the Memory Out button.  When this button is clicked a window is opened with the time of each memorised position displayed within a list box.  The user may return to an entry by selecting a time and choosing the Move To button, or double-clicking with the mouse, to move to that particular location in the sound sequence.
3.7	User Options
The Units menu option allows the user to select which time format is to be used throughout the user interface.  It also has two items within it.  The first item is  Milliseconds and the second is Minutes/Seconds.  The selected time format is checked in the menu.
The Action menu option is common to all Microcosm viewers, but this only has two items within it.  The first item is Start Link and the second item End Link.  These items become active once a legal selection has been made.
The Controls menu option only has one item within it.  The item is Audio Console.  If this item is selected then a window is displayed providing an extensive set of audio controls for navigating the global view.  This extended control panel can be seen in Fig 5 in the Appendix.
4.	Program  Design.
Once the program specification had been clarified and the user interface issues confronted, it was time to begin the design and prototype when unsure.  An overview of the program can be appreciated from Fig. 3.  It became clear that this complex task could be divided into a number of modules each with their own responsibilities.

Fig. 3:	A diagram depicting the major components of the program.
4.1	Audio Device Independence
The UNIX operating system maintains a layer of abstraction from the hardware, which results in good device independence where the both the user and the programmer is concerned.  This concept was applied to the design of the sound viewer which insulated the user from audio device specifics.  The viewer currently supports three audio formats, but due to the modular and extensible design alternative audio formats may be rapidly supported.
The front end of the program used a suite of audio device independent functions in order to control the audio media.  This layer of abstraction allowed the user interface front-end to be conveniently separated from any audio device specifics.  At a lower level, each of the audio formats supported has a suite of functions that are called from the audio device independent layer.  Each of the media specific functions rely heavily upon the Microsoft Windows MCI for this implementation.
4.2	Hardware Consideration
The audio hardware must be capable of working asynchronously rather than hogging valuable resources and thus degenerating the performance of Microsoft Windows.  In order to run this program satisfactorily the computer hardware must meet the minimum specification of a standard multimedia PC [MPC].
5.	Future Work.
This section documents various ideas for extending the sound viewer.  The first subsection discusses possible improvements while the second muses over extensions specifically for musicians.
5.1	Additional Features
The general paradigm adopted within GUI based applications for making a selection is to "click and drag'' the mouse over a word or phrase which is subsequently inverted to black.  The current method provided within the sound viewer is an accurate and convenient mechanism, but it would make the selection process complete if this additional mechanism was supported.
The brief text descriptions that annotate the buttons are divided into two pieces.  The first word is the destination document type, e.g. TEXT or VIDEO.  A colon separates this information from the link description that then follows.  Each media type supported within Microcosm has an associated icon that is displayed when the user selects a document to view.  It would be better to draw this icon onto the button rather than output the text description as is done at present.
A VU meter has been developed which would provide a visual association between the scrolling of the graphics windows and the playing of the audio media.  Unfortunately we have not found how to retrieve the current output levels from the audio hardware.  When this has been obtained it will be trivial to incorporate this feature into the sound viewer.
Although the algorithm to arrange the links makes the best use of the screen space available, it is a finite resource.  The viewer imposes a current maximum of six links, that can be valid over the same time period, to be displayed on the screen at any one time.  A solution that would be consistent with a text application would be to supply a vertical scroll bar to allow the user to view any links not within the current display area.
5.2	Musical Extensions
The TLTP initiative has meant collaboration with many academic departments in developing hypermedia tutorial applications.  I have had much to do with the Music Department, and in particular Professor Nick Cook and Dr Dan Leech-Wilkinson.
The sound viewer could enhanced to provide additional hypermedia functionality that would be of significant use to musicians.  Support could be provided for generating and displaying manuscript and piano roll representations of music,   but perhaps more interestingly, providing support for computed links into digital audio media.  One could search for transposed recurrences of melodies or chords, intervallic successions and other interesting musical patterns.  This could prove a fruitful area for future work.
Musical texturing could also be supported when Microcosm is able to provide a degree of synchronisation.  Texturing is where a piece of music is gradually constructed, building up the sound by introducing each instrument or track layer by layer.  This approach allows the user to appreciate the integration of the rhythmic, melodic and harmonic content of the piece more easily.
6.	Conclusions.
6.1	Automatic Buttons
It proved a trivial task to integrate the sound viewer with Microcosm, this was largely attributable to the open design of the system.  But during consultation with possible users at the specification stage it became apparent that there was a requirement for Microcosm to support a new class of link.
A temporal anchor is a link with respect to time.  Temporal anchors are only applicable to temporal media such as audio and video.  A temporal link is  activated when the current position in the media is equal to the start position of the link.
This feature enables additional information to be viewed simultaneously, and automatically, within the sound sequence.  The following scenario exemplifies their use.  Imagine a piece of classical music is being played, with the accompanying pages of score being displayed at specified intervals automatically allowing a musician to chart its progress.  The score would have previously required digitising, but the temporal anchors are the mechanism for triggering them off. 
The Microcosm Linker has now been extended to provide an automatic button type allowing users to author such links in temporal media.
6.2	Sound Within Microcosm
In section 2.4, several major inadequacies of the audio support within Microcosm were presented.  The new sound viewer has provided an alternative strategy for tackling these problems.
The first problem was that WAV was the only audio format supported, and the associated difficulties with transferring sound recordings to this format.  This process could become time consuming and often resulted in low quality recordings.  The second problem was concerned with audio files consuming  large quantities of storage space.
One obvious solution to the above problems was to provide CD audio support, which has two major implications.  The first being that storage consumption is no longer a serious concern, as all that requires storing is the start and stop positions that the CD is to be played from and to.  The prevalence of CD audio in recent years has meant that there is an immense catalogue of CD audio material available, making it vital that authors have the ability to incorporate this medium into their applications.
The remaining problems discussed earlier related to the absence of hypermedia support for audio.  This document has detailed the way in which the sound viewer provides controls for manipulating audio media and also the hypermedia support for creating and traversing links.
6.3	Sound Viewer In Use
A fully functional prototype of the sound viewer was supplied to Dan Leech-Wilkinson of the Music Department over Easter 1992.  He used the viewer in conjunction with Microcosm to develop an application about medieval music, which was to be used by other members of the Music TLTP consortia.  This medieval application was later presented to a group of visiting musicians.  The presentation was conducted in Turner Sims Concert Hall using teaching media equipment to project the computer display onto a screen allowing audience to see and hear the work.
The sound viewer is to be incorporated within the next major release, Microcosm version 3.
7.	Acknowledgements.
I am indebted to all of the postgraduates within the Media Lab for their constructive comments and advice, especially Ian Heath and Rob Wilkins for their input and patience.
Also to Wendy Hall, Hugh Davis and Adrian Pickering for their focus and guidance over the duration of the project.
A very big thank you to Nick Cook and Dan Leech-Wilkinson from the Department of Music for providing me with the superb hardware on which to develop this project, and also for their comments and suggestions when this project was in its infancy.
8.	Appendix.
Several screen shots are subsequently presented demonstrating the link authoring process together with various other aspects of the sound viewer's functionality. 
Fig 4 :	In this screen shot it can be seen that the black rectangle in the overview window has been resized to make it larger.  The larger the black rectangle within the overview window, the lower the zoom factor in the detail window, and vice-versa.
Fig 5 :	This screen shot shows the extended control panel in a window beneath the main application window.
Fig 6 :	A link being authored between sound and text can be seen in this screen shot.
Within the sound viewer at the top left of the figure, a selected portion of sound is  highlighted in black.  A highlighted selection can also be seen within the text viewer in the bottom left corner of the figure.  Start Link has been selected from the Action menu of the sound viewer, and End Link has been selected from the Action menu of the text viewer.  The Start Link and End Link windows can be seen displaying the respective selections.  Once the Complete button has been hit the Linker window is displayed.  The user then enters a link description followed by OK to forge the link.
Fig 7 :	This screen shot shows the state of the sound viewer after the link has been authored.  The sound viewer has been dynamically updated to incorporate the new link, both within the overview and detail windows.  The user can clear the highlighted selection by performing a single mouse click within the detail window.
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