<Start from looking at the contributions page; I = investigator, P = participant>

I: So, are there any of those edits you feel need particular attention---that are particularly interesting?
P: Sorry?
I: Any of those edits that you feel the need to point out?
P: Mmm...actually, I just added some text to a town and university.
I: Ok, fair enough.
P: Basically I---because there are Chinese wiki, I just translate some content to the English version.
I: Yup, ok, sure. So, we'll start with "[an Academic Institution]". <2:50>
I: So, what have you changed here---you've added some sections?
P: Yeah.
I: Ok. Erm. Right, well, what inclined you to change this? Why this change, why this page?
P: Er, because I, um, I find lots of information in Chinese version, but not in detail in the English version, so, what I try to do is translate something to the English version, and let other people in the world tell about a town, and the university, and some other things. ***
I: Yup, ok, and how did you copy it across, then?
P: Uh, not really copying across, because, er, erm, the Chinese version and the English version is not, er, is-is different, so, I pick some useful things and translate them here; also search on web, and where I could find.
I: Right, ok, so, you're basically just adding lots of text and links in there, ok.
P: Yeah, some bits of text and links.
I: Ok, thank you. Erm. Another one [edit] on the same node. <4:15>
I: You're...rewriting a few sections.
P: Yeah.
I: And adding a reference by the looks of it.
P: Yes. And, erm...
I: Presumably that was...
P: It's interesting sections. I'm not changing or correcting the grammar, or something, because it's not my native language. So, I just basically add something, there may be a lot of mistakes in grammar and minor mistakes; maybe someone else can...
I: That's alright; I'm not here to judge your contributions, I'm just here to find the reasoning behind making them.
P: Yeah, I'm just doing what I can do.
I: You added this reference here...
P: ...yeah...
I: ...what inclined you to do that?
P: Er, I find there's a "citation needed"... ***
I: ...oh, there's a "citation needed" there, isn't there...
P: ...yeah, so I find some...I find this from the
I: ...click that [view previous revision] to review it, can't I...yeah, "citation needed", ok.
P: ...so, yeah, I just find it.
I: Thank you.
P: No problem.
I: That's good---the kind of thing I want.
I: Erm...did you just...how did you find that citation?
P: Er, actually, at first I searched for---used Google, from Internet, but, er, finding it was easier for me to from the University's website, the University's website, to to find some articles.
I: Ok. And you've put it in using the '<ref>' markup.
P: Yep.
I: Any particular reason you did it that way, and just put in the address? Just what you knew?
P: Er...just a regular way.
I: Ok, don't worry about that. No, that is 'the way' to do it, I think. I _think_ it's possible to do it with some other, fancy, templates, but, yep.
P: Ah, becuase I just started wiki several weeks ago, so...
I: No, that's fine; I just want to know why people do things one way rather than another, so that's fine. Ok.
P: I just do what I know.
I: No, that's fine. <6:50>
I: We've got an edit to the "[Town name]" node itself. What is [Town name]? [Town name] is a...
P: It's in Northern China.
I: Ah, it's a district. [No, a town.]
I: Ooh, the browser just crashed. That's unhelpful.
[resume 7:20]
I: So...you...rewrote the part about the airport, ok.
P: Yeah, I'd a section on transportation, but I haven't finished other parts.
I: That's alright. So you've got empty headings here, for things like "Highway", and "Port". You've added them in the hope that someone... ***
P: ...maybe add them later.
I: That's good; that's the kind of thing I want to see.
I: So, basically you wanted to add some new text to this, which I assume you've just written yourself?
P: Mmmyep.
I: You've got a link there to the international airport---
P: ---internal link, yeah---
I: ---how did you find that there was an article there to link to? Or did you just make that link up, or...?
P: Umm...I find, I just find these if they exist, in the wiki, and then I find it and I make the link. ***
I: So were you just browsing around, or did you search for it, or?
P: Yeah, I searched for this.
I: Ok.
P: Keywords, and in the wiki.
I: Ok, thank you. <8:27>
I: Another ch...ah, this is where you're actually adding the railway, by the looks of it? Yes, you've added some text to the 'Railway' section.
P: Yeah.
I: Ok, that's straightforward. <8:40>
I: Ok, and...
P: I change some architecture---structures of the content.
I: Yes, I see, you've added a 'Culture' section, and you've made 'Winter Culture' a subsection, and you've got some music now. And you've got some links in here, which I assume you searched for again?
P: Yeah.
I: Just a case of wanting to add more information to the node?
P: Mmm.
I: Ok. Can I just ask, why this page in particular? Just an area you're interested in, or...?
P: You mean, why this topic, or?
I: Yeah.
P: Erm, I try to find some, some topics that I am familar, and I find lots of blanks in English version about China's culture, and it's very easy to add lots of text and it's quickly to add more information.
I: Yep, ok, thank you.
I: Did you visit any other pages while you were doing this, like actually viewing the 'Cultural revolution' page, or the 'Han' page up here?
P: Er...
I: Did you look at those while you were making this edit, or...?
P: Um...er, because...I think this kind of concept is a general concept and definition, I think maybe when a foreigner come and look at this website, this article may be---they need to know some background knowledge.
I: That's why you linked in the 'Han culture' and the 'Cultural revolution' nodes.
P: It's a very common things, for Chinese people, but not for everyone.
I: Yup, OK. And then we've got... <10:40>
I: ...'[Academic institution]' again. And you've added...one of the people.
P: Yeah.
I: Ok.
P: Again, I just, missing topics, and I filled them. ***
I: Ok...I assume, I mean, how did you find this link to put in there?
P: Yeah.
I: You searched, or?
P: Yes, I searched. Sometimes, these people are not very easy to find the information in search from Google.
I: Thank you, that's very helpful. Um, do you want to take a short break before the next part, or just continue on?
[continuation] <11:35>
I: Right. Now I'm going to ask you to speak-aloud, about your thought process, while I ask you to perform a few tasks on a, um, synthetic copy of wikipedia.
I: So, it's going to be a small copy of Wikipedia, with some errors and omissions I've deliberately put in, and they're not going to be changed back out to the real Wikipedia, so you don't have to worry about making the language perfect, or putting in citations.
[continuation from setting up] <12:20>
I: You can see I've got a copy of some of the Wikipedia content here.
P: Mmm.
I: Ok. This is the disambiguation node, for 'Shelf'.
P: Shelf.
I: Yup. So, show me how you'd fix any links to it, which point to the specific kind of shelf that the article means, rather than this disambiguation node.
I: So there are some nodes on this wiki, which mean something like---they talk about Shelf in West Yorkshire, or they talk about Shelf in computing, but they only link to this disambgiuation node.
I: So show me how you'd find those pages and correct them to point to the specific kind of shelf.
P: Uh...you mean, there are, there is on the wiki, and copy them to the wiki?
I: No, they're already here on the wiki; there are a few pages that link to this that shouldn't.
P: Erm. I don't quite follow you.
I: Ok. There are some pages in this wiki which talk about some of these types of shelves, so you've got one that talks about continental shelves, and shelves in computing, but rather than link to 'Shelf (computing)', they just link to 'Shelf'.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: And Wikipedia generally tries to make them link to the specific thing they mean.
P: Yeah
I: So, how would you find those pages and correct them?
P: Erm...I think...you mean 'how do I correct the wrong link'?
I: Yes.
P: Maybe, er, go to the title of the, er...
I: How do you find---ok, well, remember that the "what links here" tool over here will show you the pages which are linking to this page.
P: Um, heh. Er... Do you mean, if I click this, this link, or you mean I search from here? What do you mean, incorrect?
I: Alright, let's have a look at one of the---let's go to the nodes that link to Shelf. So we can see here some pages which are linking to the 'Shelf' node.
P: Mmm.
I: Right? We have 'River Eatherow'.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: Whole page is covered in---now, one of these links is to 'Shelf'. In fact, you can see it over here. That's of course in the context of what we're talking about is the 'Glossop Brook, which takes in waters from Shelf'.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: So if you were to click that, it takes you to shelf in general.
P: Ah.
I: And generally in Wikipedia you'd want that to go to the specific kind of shelf it means.
P: Ah, ok.
I: Which in this case is going to be 'Shelf, West Yorkshire', a village in England. So. How would you...?
P: I think, ah...from this, from this article, I just, first I try click here [what links here], to find that page, and I pick which one to use for, and link to that page [Shelf], copy the title, and put that here.
I: Ok, that's fine. I just realised that when it crashed, it logged you out---I'll just fix that. Right.
I: So you---you'd just edit this section [in the River article].
P: Yeah.
P: Could you tell me which one...?
I: Yeah, it's 'Shelf, West Yorkshire' it's talking about.
P: This one?
I: The second one [in the list of Shelf disambiguation possibilities].
P: The second one---ah, ok.
P: And then I...copy this...and edit here.
I: [Narrating] You go down to 'edit section'.
P: And you've got...where is it.
I: I think you've gone one section too low there.
I: You've gone through to---I've got to say it out loud for the transcript---you went through to the Shelf page, and then through to the specific kind of shelf, and then copied the title to the clipboard. ***
P: Yeah. Where's the shelf...
I: [Narrating] ...editing the section of the article...
P: [some help with pasting on unfamiliar Apple keyboard] ...and er...
I: And you're making a hyperlink through to it. Ok. Thank you.
P: And, save it?
I: Yeah, you can save it. That's fine. Right, ok, so.
P: Yeah, and examine, to make sure I copy the right link.
I: [Narrating] You test it, and it goes through to 'Shelf, West Yorkshire'. Ok, thank you, that's very good. Ok. Let's, er, do another one.
I: Erm. Like I said, I'm a bit unprepared, so I've got to re-read my notes here. <17:00>
I: Ok, this is the introductory paragraph to the article on 'Cake'.
P: Yeah.
I: It's had all the links removed.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: Would you like to add some links to the text where you feel is appropriate?
P: Some links.
I: Yup. Within this paragraph of text---do you think anything within there should be linked?
P: Um...not really sure. If this part is a definition of it, I think, maybe...
P: Maybe I...I think there should be some links...here.
I: Anything specific that comes up---any words that you think should be particularly linked?
P: Um...I think just...the principle is, erm, some kind of, um, noun, or some other concept, maybe, not very common, for example. This flour and vegetable oil is not necessary to link, but if you find some...some kind of words, not so common, not so <18:10> ?yuri? for link, just like other parts of the article. ***
I: Ok. Anything specific as an example jump out there, or?
P: Let me try to find if there are any...
I: It's ok, plenty of time.
*pause*
P: There are some words, some words I don't know. Maybe I,  maybe when I'm trying to edit this article, I'll try to find some words I don't know, for example this, this word...
I: 'crystalised fruit'
P: ...yeah, and I try to find it from wiki, or from Google, to...if this is really a Europe thing...
I: Would you make that a link, the words 'crystallised fruit', or would you try to check on it first?
P: Erm. Maybe I would try to add some links, internal links, for this, yeah.
I: Ok, yeah. So would you put the brackets around 'crystallised fruit and things'?
P: Yeah.
I: Ok, thank you. That's that one. <19:35>
I: Right...click on this one. There are a couple of pages here, 'Multiple Units of Ireland' [show], which is a particular type of train, and---let's see if I can pronounce this, 'Elektrichka', which is another type of train.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: So...using those two---they're both linked off the main page so that you can get to them---can you please, er, create a page about Multiple Units in general, using the short descriptions from those two pages.
I: So, on each of these two pages, you've got a piece of short description on the front here. Can you please make me a new page which talks about Multiple Units just in general; references those two.
P: You mean, how to make this new page?
I: Yup, you can actually create it if you want to get in and create it.
P: Umm...
P: What's this website [Elektrichka] for? The same thing? It's a similar thing...
I: It's a similar kind of thing---they're both kinds of Multiple Units.
P: Combined them together?
I: Yes. A page that just talks about both of those. Just generally.
P: Er, I don't know how to create a new topic, just... ***
I: Ok, erm, to be honest, there isn't a very nice way of doing it. The way I usually do it, I just put the page name up here [address bar], so just go 'Multiple'---oops---'Multiple Units', like that.
P: Ok. Umm.
I: So, it wants a little bit of information about Multiple Units, in Ireland, and Elektrichka. So, just...you can use the summary from those two pages. I'm not going to make you sit here and write about trains.
P: Er...what I would do is just...um...Multiple Units...erm...first of all I should read all of those two pages...
I: Ok, you'd read the two pages---you don't have to actually do it---you'd read the two pages...
P: ...and I'd find some common things, and I'd give a kind of definition of concept, in my own words, for the first several lines, and then, I can create sections, for those two... ***
I: So you'd have a section for Ireland, and a section for Elektrichka, which is Russia?
P: Yeah, yeah.
I: Ok.
P: And I believe that there are some other similar things, so maybe...
I: Yes there are, yeah.
P: ...name them together.
I: What would you put in the sections for the Ireland---what would, I mean, if you actually---there is, on the Ireland page, already some summary there, at the top here.
P: Hmm...I never seen ? in this ? [about multiple units] before, so what I will do is...mmm...maybe the new page, the Model Units, I just...make the one paragraph, and then make some links...and any tables, or, list, add it [Ireland]. And the content of the tables are these pages. ***
I: Ok, that's good, thank you. So, would you---in the summary of the page about Multiple Units, wants a summary about the different types of Multiple Units, would you think about reusing this text that's here, already? About, specific Ireland, under your subheading for Ireland in 'Multiple Units'?
P: Er...I don't think is necessary to ?use? these words, in a page.
I: Ok.
P: If...yeah...if maybe it's confusing for people reading 'Multiple Units', the new website is confusing, may I pick some words, very short, as summary, instead of this [summary on '...of Ireland' page]. ***
I: Ok, thank you. So you'd use different, shorter text than the summary.
P: Yeah.
I: Ok. And if someone came along and added a new page about Multiple Units in France, or something, you'd...?
I: If someone came along and added a new page about Multiple Units in a different country, on yours you would just have to...
P: You mean, if I find some other people's...
I: Yeah.
P: Umm...if I really find some other people have written a similar topic, but better than mine, I think I...
I: Well, it's just if someone else adds more Multiple Units that you want to add to your page about all Multiple Units.
P: Ah, ok.
I: Would you just add another heading; another item in the list...yes?
P: Yeah, I think.
I: Ok. Let's move on from that one. <24:30>
I: Two pages, about villains in James Bond films. So you've got 'Henchmen in Spy Who Loved Me', taking a while to load, and you've got 'Hencemen in Moonraker'. I'm afraid that these are laid out a bit strangely because I've got a copy of Wikipedia.
I: You can see that they've both got the same character here, called 'Jaws'. He's got metal teeth, but the text of the page doesn't actually say that he's got metal teeth. So.
P: What shoud I do?
I: How, how would you go about adding that to this article?
P: Er, you mean, particularly...
I: Particularly that he's got metal teeth, yeah. You think that it's an interesting thing to point out.
[scrolling on Mac]
P: [reads page for +15 seconds]
P: Mmm...first I would try to find some---if there were any arti---sections here, which had any similar topics with this, teeth. If there are, I maybe add some subsection.
I: So, something like 'Jaws' appearance', this section.
P: Yeah. If there is completely not anything similar---because this is funny, maybe I would just add a section called 'funny things', at the end of the...
I: Ok, well, Jaws appears in both those articles so---would you add it to one article and then reference it in the other one, or would you add it to both articles, or...?
P: Mmm.
I: You've got two places where you could say that he's got metal teeth.
P: Yeah.
I: What would you do about that?
P: Erm. If the content I add is not so...not so complicated that I can easily copy from one to other, I would put it in [both]. If the tags are so long, and too complicated, maybe I would just pick any one, to fill in, an in the other use the link to this. ***
I: Ok, thank you, that's good. Ok, next one. <27:10>
I: Are you ok to keep going? I've got a couple left, if you want.
P: Ok.
I: Fine. What are you doing on this one...ah, this is a particularly nasty one. Sorry about this. It's going to take a moment to load. Right. <27:20>
I: This is the page for Belgium. And this is the great big infobox at the top of the page for Belgium.
I: Erm. Where would you---how would you add it's date of EU Membership, which was the 25th of March, into the infobox, on this page?
P: Mmm...which section?
I: This big thing here [infobox]. It looks a bit different, I'm afraid: it should normally be floated over on the right.
P: Yeah.
I: So, how would you go about adding something to that box of information?
P: Do you mean, adding the information, or just change it, to the...
I: In this case, it's adding a field that that template supports, which isn't in there: I've taken it out.
I: Erm. I'm not quite sure where in this list [in the infobox] it comes up, actually---it's been a while since I looked this up---but it shows up as the date of the EU membership, as, a date. So if you actually look at the source for this page, it's all done as this great big template at the top.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: So. If you wanted to add this, how would you go about it?
P: Er...do you mean I wanted to add something, inside this template?
I: Yes. *pause* Wanted to add this date of membership, into that box.
P: Err... *pause* I haven't do this work before, so I'm not familiar with this template.
I: That's fair enough. This is a very complicated---this is for the people who administer wikipedia and things...
P: Usually I use very simple methods.
I: Want me to show you? It's the syntax here means, this is the template being used, 'Infobox country or territory', which you see is in the list down here, 'Templates used on this page'.
P: Yeah, uh-huh.
I: [Navigate to template] It's a bit slow because my poor machine is trying to serve all this.
I: So you can see here there's some documentation on that template.
P: And this template can be changed by anyone, or?
I: I think normally this one is locked---some of them you can change, but this one's usually locked---I haven't locked it on my little copy, but...
I: Erm. Somewhere, one of these parameters, is the EU date---here we are, accession EU date.
P: What does this mean, this?
I: This is documentation for the template. It's saying that one of the things the template will accept, is this parameter, 'accessionEUdate', which is the thing I want you to fill in, which is the date of membership.
P: Mmm.
I: It's alright. You put that, somewhere, in this [source] template.
P: Somewhere...
I: Let's move on from that one, as it is really quite horrible. <30:20>
I: Right. And, finally, Underground. Right.
I: Here is the page---if it'll load---about the London Underground.
P: Mmmhmm.
I: And---introductory paragraph here as usual---nobody's written that it's the oldest metro in the world, starting in 1863. So, how would you go about adding that information in there?
P: Umm, how to add the date on this?
I: Yep.
P: Which is the...
I: The London Underground is "the oldest metro in the---
P: ---history?---
I: ---world, starting in 1863".
P: Um, again, I search the list---
I: ---you look at the contents---
P: ---and try to find where to insert it to.
I: And try to find a good section to put it in, ok.
P: Is it part of history, or...
I: Yes, yeah, it hist---I mean, arguably, something that notable might belong in the summary of the page, up here.
P: Mmm.
*pause*
P: I didn't quite catch you on the information, about you want edited.
I: It's basically the fact that the London Underground is the oldest metro in the world, it started all the way back in 1863, and this page doesn't actually say anything about that, becuase I've taken it out.
P: Oh.
I: So do you want to just put it in here at the top, with the big sizes, closed stations, just adding it in there somewhere, just as some text.
P: Yeah, I think just as some text.
I: Ok. So you'd do that. Erm. That's probably notable-enough information that it also belongs in the [navigates] 'Transport in London' page, which has [finds] some summaries about different types of transport...if we go...contents...London Underground...has a section on this page about the underground---probably belongs in here as well.
P: Oh.
I: So. How would share that information between the two pages?
P: ...share the information...hmm...
P: Maybe I would find a...just add some links...to some...key words.
*pause*
P: I try to find...er...I would add this link to undeground which is simple, not in detail, and add a link to another detailed one. <33:30>
I: Yup. Thank you. That's all of it. I'll let you go now.
I: Er, do you have any final comments about these tasks, or...
P: Actually, er, this task, actually, I just began to use wiki several weeks ago, and I'm still learning about it, and I...I learned something! Not just answered questions, so it's good for me.
I: Ok. Would you like to see the results of my experiment once they're made available?
P: Results?
I: Well, the experiment. Are you interested in that?
P: No.
I: Ok. Thank you. Er, the voucher, the cinema or the Amazon voucher, I'll sort that out if you don't mind in a little while---I've got some more people who are doing the experiment in February, so want me to mail you about...
P: Ok, no problem. I hope I can help.
I: No, it's been very useful, thanks a lot, it's been very good. I'll let you go. Thanks a lot.
[offer to keep information leaflet, good afternoon]

