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The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography

The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography
The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography
Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977, numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins at low to mid latitudes. These discoveries have suggested the existence of separate biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic and the North West Pacific, the existence of a province including the South West Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a separation of the North East Pacific, North East Pacific Rise, and South East Pacific Rise. The Southern Ocean is known to be a region of high deep-sea species diversity and centre of origin for the global deep-sea fauna. It has also been proposed as a gateway connecting hydrothermal vents in different oceans but is little explored because of extreme conditions. Since 2009 we have explored two segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a remotely operated vehicle. In each segment we located deep-sea hydrothermal vents hosting high-temperature black smokers up to 382.8°C and diffuse venting. The chemosynthetic ecosystems hosted by these vents are dominated by a new yeti crab (Kiwa n. sp.), stalked barnacles, limpets, peltospiroid gastropods, anemones, and a predatory sea star. Taxa abundant in vent ecosystems in other oceans, including polychaete worms (Siboglinidae), bathymodiolid mussels, and alvinocaridid shrimps, are absent from the ESR vents. These groups, except the Siboglinidae, possess planktotrophic larvae, rare in Antarctic marine invertebrates, suggesting that the environmental conditions of the Southern Ocean may act as a dispersal filter for vent taxa. Evidence from the distinctive fauna, the unique community structure, and multivariate analyses suggest that the Antarctic vent ecosystems represent a new vent biogeographic province. However, multivariate analyses of species present at the ESR and at other deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally indicate that vent biogeography is more complex than previously recognised.
1544-9173
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Rogers, Alex D., Tyler, Paul A., Connelly, Douglas P., Copley, Jon T., James, Rachael, Larter, Robert D., Linse, Katrin, Mills, Rachel A., Naveira Garabato, Alberto, Pancost, Richard D., Pearce, David A., Polunin, Nicholas V. C., German, Christopher R., Shank, Timothy, Boersch-Supan, Philipp H., Alker, Belinda J., Aquilina, Alfred, Bennett, Sarah A., Clarke, Andrew, Dinley, Robert J.J., Graham, Alastair G.C., Green, Darryl R.H., Hawkes, Jeffrey A., Hepburn, Laura, Hilario, Ana, Huvenne, Veerle A.I., Marsh, Leigh, Ramirez-Llodra, Eva, Reid, William D.K., Roterman, Christopher N., Sweeting, Christopher J., Thatje, Sven and Zwirglmaier, Katrin (2012) The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography. PLoS Biology, 10 (1), e1001234. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977, numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins at low to mid latitudes. These discoveries have suggested the existence of separate biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic and the North West Pacific, the existence of a province including the South West Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a separation of the North East Pacific, North East Pacific Rise, and South East Pacific Rise. The Southern Ocean is known to be a region of high deep-sea species diversity and centre of origin for the global deep-sea fauna. It has also been proposed as a gateway connecting hydrothermal vents in different oceans but is little explored because of extreme conditions. Since 2009 we have explored two segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a remotely operated vehicle. In each segment we located deep-sea hydrothermal vents hosting high-temperature black smokers up to 382.8°C and diffuse venting. The chemosynthetic ecosystems hosted by these vents are dominated by a new yeti crab (Kiwa n. sp.), stalked barnacles, limpets, peltospiroid gastropods, anemones, and a predatory sea star. Taxa abundant in vent ecosystems in other oceans, including polychaete worms (Siboglinidae), bathymodiolid mussels, and alvinocaridid shrimps, are absent from the ESR vents. These groups, except the Siboglinidae, possess planktotrophic larvae, rare in Antarctic marine invertebrates, suggesting that the environmental conditions of the Southern Ocean may act as a dispersal filter for vent taxa. Evidence from the distinctive fauna, the unique community structure, and multivariate analyses suggest that the Antarctic vent ecosystems represent a new vent biogeographic province. However, multivariate analyses of species present at the ESR and at other deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally indicate that vent biogeography is more complex than previously recognised.

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Published date: 2012
Organisations: Ocean Biochemistry & Ecosystems, Marine Geoscience

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 336367
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/336367
ISSN: 1544-9173
PURE UUID: 7570bbe0-d561-4039-8533-81d1e14cc802
ORCID for Jon T. Copley: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-4325
ORCID for Rachael James: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-2315
ORCID for Rachel A. Mills: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9811-246X
ORCID for Alberto Naveira Garabato: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-6071-605X
ORCID for Veerle A.I. Huvenne: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-6360

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Date deposited: 22 Mar 2012 10:06
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 03:30

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Contributors

Author: Alex D. Rogers
Author: Paul A. Tyler
Author: Douglas P. Connelly
Author: Jon T. Copley ORCID iD
Author: Rachael James ORCID iD
Author: Robert D. Larter
Author: Katrin Linse
Author: Rachel A. Mills ORCID iD
Author: Richard D. Pancost
Author: David A. Pearce
Author: Nicholas V. C. Polunin
Author: Christopher R. German
Author: Timothy Shank
Author: Philipp H. Boersch-Supan
Author: Belinda J. Alker
Author: Alfred Aquilina
Author: Sarah A. Bennett
Author: Andrew Clarke
Author: Robert J.J. Dinley
Author: Alastair G.C. Graham
Author: Darryl R.H. Green
Author: Jeffrey A. Hawkes
Author: Laura Hepburn
Author: Ana Hilario
Author: Veerle A.I. Huvenne ORCID iD
Author: Leigh Marsh
Author: Eva Ramirez-Llodra
Author: William D.K. Reid
Author: Christopher N. Roterman
Author: Christopher J. Sweeting
Author: Sven Thatje
Author: Katrin Zwirglmaier

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