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Inverse modelling and seismic data constraints on overpressure generation by disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring: application to the Eastern Black Sea Basin

Inverse modelling and seismic data constraints on overpressure generation by disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring: application to the Eastern Black Sea Basin
Inverse modelling and seismic data constraints on overpressure generation by disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring: application to the Eastern Black Sea Basin
Pore pressure above the hydrostatic (overpressure) is common in deep basins. It plays an important role in pore fluid migration, represent a significant drilling hazard, and is one of the factors controlling slope stability and deformation in seismically active areas.

Here, we present an inverse model to calculate overpressure due to disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring. We minimize a function that contains the misfits between estimates from our forward model and observed values using a non-linear least squares approach. The inverse model allows the introduction of observed seismic and geological constraints such as P-wave velocity (Vp) and density data, and depth of the layer boundaries, for a better pore-pressure prediction. The model output also provides estimates of: (1) surface porosity, (2) compaction factor, (3) intrinsic permeability at surface conditions, (4) a parameter controlling the evolution of the intrinsic permeability with porosity, (5) the ratio between horizontal and vertical permeability and (6) uncompacted thickness (so sedimentation rate assuming known time intervals), for each sedimentary layer. We apply our inverse approach to the centre of the Eastern Black Sea Basin (EBSB) where the Vp structure has been inferred from wide-angle seismic data. First, we present results from a 1-D inverse model and an uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo error propagation technique. To represent the observed rapid change from low Vp to normal Vp below the Maikop formation, we impose a zero overpressure bottom boundary, and subdivide the layer below the Maikop formation into two sublayers: an upper layer where the rapid change is located and a lower layer where the Vp is normal. Secondly, we present the results from a 2-D inverse model for the same layers using two alternative bottom boundary conditions, zero overpressure and zero flow. We are able to simulate the observed Vp, suggesting that the low velocity zone (LVZ) at ?3500–6500 m depth below the seabed (mbsf) can be explained by overpressure generated due to disequilibrium compaction (>90 per cent) and to aquathermal pressuring (<10 per cent). Our results suggest that the upper sublayer, below the Maikop formation, behaves as a seal due to its low permeability ?0.3–2 × 10?14 m s–1. This seal layer does not allow the fluids to escape downwards, and hence overpressure develops in the Maikop formation and not in the layers below. This overpressure was mainly generated by the relatively high sedimentation rate of ?0.29 m ka–1 of the Maikop formation at 33.9–20.5?Ma and an even higher sedimentation rate of ?0.93 m ka–1 at 13–11 Ma. We estimate a maximum ratio of overpressure to vertical effective stress in hydrostatic conditions (?*) of ?0.62 at ?5200 mbsf associated with an overpressure of ?42 MPa.
Numerical solutions, Inverse theory, Geomechanics, Sedimentary basin processes, Asia
0956-540X
814-833
Marin-Moreno, H.
e466cafd-bd5c-47a1-8522-e6938e7086a4
Minshull, T.A.
bf413fb5-849e-4389-acd7-0cb0d644e6b8
Edwards, R.A.
e733909a-1bd5-4302-ad8d-61e811b9d8fe
Marin-Moreno, H.
e466cafd-bd5c-47a1-8522-e6938e7086a4
Minshull, T.A.
bf413fb5-849e-4389-acd7-0cb0d644e6b8
Edwards, R.A.
e733909a-1bd5-4302-ad8d-61e811b9d8fe

Marin-Moreno, H., Minshull, T.A. and Edwards, R.A. (2013) Inverse modelling and seismic data constraints on overpressure generation by disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring: application to the Eastern Black Sea Basin. Geophysical Journal International, 194 (2), 814-833. (doi:10.1093/gji/ggt147).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Pore pressure above the hydrostatic (overpressure) is common in deep basins. It plays an important role in pore fluid migration, represent a significant drilling hazard, and is one of the factors controlling slope stability and deformation in seismically active areas.

Here, we present an inverse model to calculate overpressure due to disequilibrium compaction and aquathermal pressuring. We minimize a function that contains the misfits between estimates from our forward model and observed values using a non-linear least squares approach. The inverse model allows the introduction of observed seismic and geological constraints such as P-wave velocity (Vp) and density data, and depth of the layer boundaries, for a better pore-pressure prediction. The model output also provides estimates of: (1) surface porosity, (2) compaction factor, (3) intrinsic permeability at surface conditions, (4) a parameter controlling the evolution of the intrinsic permeability with porosity, (5) the ratio between horizontal and vertical permeability and (6) uncompacted thickness (so sedimentation rate assuming known time intervals), for each sedimentary layer. We apply our inverse approach to the centre of the Eastern Black Sea Basin (EBSB) where the Vp structure has been inferred from wide-angle seismic data. First, we present results from a 1-D inverse model and an uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo error propagation technique. To represent the observed rapid change from low Vp to normal Vp below the Maikop formation, we impose a zero overpressure bottom boundary, and subdivide the layer below the Maikop formation into two sublayers: an upper layer where the rapid change is located and a lower layer where the Vp is normal. Secondly, we present the results from a 2-D inverse model for the same layers using two alternative bottom boundary conditions, zero overpressure and zero flow. We are able to simulate the observed Vp, suggesting that the low velocity zone (LVZ) at ?3500–6500 m depth below the seabed (mbsf) can be explained by overpressure generated due to disequilibrium compaction (>90 per cent) and to aquathermal pressuring (<10 per cent). Our results suggest that the upper sublayer, below the Maikop formation, behaves as a seal due to its low permeability ?0.3–2 × 10?14 m s–1. This seal layer does not allow the fluids to escape downwards, and hence overpressure develops in the Maikop formation and not in the layers below. This overpressure was mainly generated by the relatively high sedimentation rate of ?0.29 m ka–1 of the Maikop formation at 33.9–20.5?Ma and an even higher sedimentation rate of ?0.93 m ka–1 at 13–11 Ma. We estimate a maximum ratio of overpressure to vertical effective stress in hydrostatic conditions (?*) of ?0.62 at ?5200 mbsf associated with an overpressure of ?42 MPa.

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More information

Published date: August 2013
Keywords: Numerical solutions, Inverse theory, Geomechanics, Sedimentary basin processes, Asia
Organisations: Geology & Geophysics, Marine Geoscience

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 354448
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/354448
ISSN: 0956-540X
PURE UUID: 1618ac7a-7b80-49e3-8614-345f13b91b18
ORCID for H. Marin-Moreno: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-1359
ORCID for T.A. Minshull: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-8202-1379

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Date deposited: 11 Jul 2013 09:49
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 04:14

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Contributors

Author: H. Marin-Moreno ORCID iD
Author: T.A. Minshull ORCID iD
Author: R.A. Edwards

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