# Animal bone MNI/NISP reports

Additional comments:
Known as Period II, rabbit and frog found


Additional comments:
Known as Period III/IV, rabbit, hare and fox found


Additional comments:
28 frags from dog plus 2 whole adults and 8 puppies


Additional comments:
MNI is aggregate MNI - a cumaltive total of the MNI vlues from separate features


Additional comments:
Dog bones marked as present but no number


Additional comments:
Phase 10, partridge, hare, mole,  identified


Additional comments:
Oysters and marine mollusc shell, no. of bird bones not given just MNI


Additional comments:
Six of the dog bones are from one skeleton


Additional comments:
Wild birds include mallard, teal pheasant, partridge, buzzard, godwit


Additional comments:
Chicken and geese present on site but no numbers


Additional comments:
32 Oyster fragments, no. of frags not given for dog


Additional comments:
Kestrel bone - distal half right femur adult


Additional comments:
NISP for Pit 148 and 152 and feature 110


Additional comments:
Dog - count including one skeleton counted as a single fragment


Additional comments:
100 bones in wild mammals is from rodent in SFB 1


Additional comments:
MNI given only, black rat, rabbit, fox and mustelid no frag no.s


Additional comments:
Deer was from antler - could have been imported.


Additional comments:
Soil from below building c and a contemporary layer to the north-east


# Butchery

Comments:
Clean cut horizonitally across the prox end of bone - photos


Comments:
Two cut marks on 3rd caudral vert, no other caudral vt present so tail cut off


Comments:
Three cuts are deeper and more coarse than the others


Comments:
Could have been broken from sharp weapon to shoulder and later consumed by carrion rather than eaten


Comments:
2nd/3rd L VT- evidence of backbone being divided. Possibly fitting carcass into a restricted space at the base of a ditch


Comments:
Chopped transversely on the upper shaft on the radial groove as if radius has been chopped through at this point


Comments:
Chopped through braincase as well as chop marks on an associated mandible


Comments:
Chopped marks bone completely chopped through at prox. and distal end


Comments:
Knife marks below its prox. articulation - skinning


Comments:
Knife marks below its prox. Articulation


Comments:
Cut or chop marks on articulated foot, possible skinning


# Dogs information

Context:
At the foot of grave 86 at a higher level

Human/animal present:
Male juvenile 7-8 years, cattle and pig also present in grave

Grave goods:
Spearhead, shield boss - flat strap grip, iron rivet, small iron disc-headed rivet, knife fragments, 2 nails

Additional information:
All bones fused even central epiphyses of vertebrae.  Teeth very worn and four upper incisor and six lower ones were lost ante mortem.  The upper left canine has been broken and the right one has worn abnormally.


Additional information:
Right M2 was lost ante mortem, date and association uncertain.


Additional information:
Bones from MS190 and MS191 could be from the same dog due to same size and none of the bones are duplicated.  This urn contained the dog remains described as an 'animal assessory vessel'.


Human/animal present:
Older mature/older adult female, cattle bones and unide bones within urn


Grave goods:
Fused glass beads, several frags of molten copper alloy, one piece poss from a brooch, 7 frags from an antler pin, 2 dark red half-spherical alndine garnets, poss originally set in a (circular) brooch, frags of ivory


Human/animal present:
Adult - mature/older ??male, immature pig


Additional information:
Described as an animal accessory vessel.


Grave goods:
20 glass beads, antler spindle whorls, ivory


Human/animal present:
Adult, horse, sheep, bird, horse/ cattle size

Additional information:
Identified as possible dog/fox?, associated with urn 1317.


Human/animal present:
Associated with urn 1281, horse/cattle size.


Human/animal present:
Adult - young/younger mature,horse, horse/cattle size


Human/animal present:
Associated with urn 1726, horse, sheep, another dog, horse/cattle

Additional information:
Two dogs in one urn, one slightly larger than the other, placed in different positions on the pyre since its bones are different colour, a result of difference in efficiency of cremation.


Additional information:
Associated with urn 1725 (Dog ID 16 and 17).


Additional information:
Unfused epiphyses, large hunting dog/wolf.


Human/animal present:
Older subadult, - ??male, horse, sheep, horse/cattle size


Human/animal present:
Adult - older mature/older, horse/cattle size


Human/animal present:
Subadult/adult, horse, sheep, horse cattle size


Human/animal present:
Young juvenile, sheep, horse/cattle size

Additional information:
Associated with urn 2668, both in the same pit, may well have been the same animal, identical in size and nothing in the element distribution suggests two animals.


Human/animal present:
Adult - young/mature ??females, fish, bear


Human/animal present:
Adult - younger mature, horse/cattle size


Human/animal present:
Adult - younger mature female, small mammal


Human/animal present:
Child ?9-11 years, undecorated pot, no animals


Human/animal present:
Very old male, child of about 5 1/2 years

Additional information:
Dog at the feet of the man, described as no longer a working dog.


Human/animal present:
30 year old male, well healed fracture of left clavicle, severed feet placed by knees

Grave goods:
Shield boss at head of the man with part of a dagger/spear


Additional information:
SFB 16 lay at the east end of Hollow 2, 5.5m north of Hall 1.  Pit was sub-rectangular in plan and sides were steep, rising from an even floor.  Two dogs in Hut 16 - one within the lower fill (5102), just 8cm above the 'floor' of the pit, at the western end.  The skeleton was complete and articulated.  The second was lying on the slope of the lower fill, at the junction with the black Layer 2 material.  The main body was near the edge of the pit, with the rest of the skeleton, indication that the bones had been undisturbed during the process of decay and that a considerable time had elapsed between the deposition of the dog and the sealing of the bones by the layer 2 material. It is suggested that the process took place in a hollow space, protected from the attentions of other dogs, children or village activities and that this protection could have been afforded by a wooden floor.


Additional information:
see dog ID 36. (second dog) - this dog suffered a number of injuries, including broken ribs and a broken leg from which it had recovered.  The skull exhibited a depressed fracture on the upper left side of the muzzle and forehead which may have led to its death, perhaps prompting it to crawl into a hole under the SFB and there to die!


Additional information:
Lower parts of limbs have severe bowing?  Pathological?  Dog possibly from a RB/EAS context.


Additional information:
SFB 26 lay in the north-west corner of Hollow 4, some 12.2m south of Hall 3, in the central region of the site, close to SFB 37.  In form it is rectangular, of two-post Type A.  It predates Hollow 4 and ditches 105 and 107, and Pit 119.


Additional information:
Layer 2 described in Crabtree (1990) as a occupation layer, species present included cattle (47.1%), sheep (38.1%), pigs (12.2%), horses (2.6%), cat, red and roe deer, hare, badger, and a European brown bear (one of the earliest finds of this bear type in Britian).


Additional information:
SFB 17 situated on the extreme east edge of the knoll and from its position should be associated with Hall 1 group, which included SFB 16.  The pit was rectangular, but slightly narrower at the east end, and was unique to the site in that it was a four-post type, and deeper than any other SFB at West Stow.


Additional information:
SFB 12 lay on the eastern edge of the Hollow area (I) in WE/S and north-west of Hall I in WE/3.  The pit was an irregular rectangle.  In for the SFB was basically of six-post type, but with additional features.


Additional information:
SFB was situated on the southern edge of the site, immediately above the Lark flood plain, in a group of SFBs of differing dates, including Nos 56, 58, 59, 60, and 62.  In plan the pit was rather irregular with a pronounced bulge in the north-west corner, prjecting for three feet beyond the NE purlin-post.


Additional information:
Anglo-Saxon pit - oval,  rounded, bowl shaped profile.


Additional information:
SFB 34 was part of the group on the north slope of the knoll; around Hall 7, overlaid to the west by SFB 35.  This dog is from a fill that was not distinguishable between the two huts.


Additional information:
SFB 67 lay at the western extremity of the site in the group which included Nos 63, 65, 68, and 69.  In plan the form of the pit was most irregular; not only was the shape indefinite, but the floor of the pit very uneven, with a deeper area at the west end.


Additional information:
Type and orientation not defined.  No measurements as SFB has been cut into the stoke-hole deposits of the RB Kiln 4.


Additional information:
SFB 36 lay on the central axis of the knoll, six feet to the north-east of Hall 3, closely associated with SFB 39.  In plan the pit was rectangular, with rounded corners, a flat bottom and clean cut sides, rather steeper on the west.  The form was typically six-post with no modifications.


Additional information:
SFB 25 was another member of the group immediately south of Hall 2.  In plan the pit was an irregular oval.  There was no evidence of burning to suggest that this was a hearth.  SFB 25 was partly overlaid by SB 24 to the south-east and was very close to SFBs 26 and 27 to the north; so close in fact as to suggest that it could not be contemporary with either of these, no matter which form of reconstruction is used.


Additional information:
Anglo-Saxon Hollow - a long, roungly rectangular hollow, 12m x 6m and 23-30cm deep and cut by SFB 12 at the east end and cutting a number of later Iron Age ditches.  Orientated est to west.


Additional information:
SFB 58 lay on the extreme south edge of the site at the crest of the step slope dropping into the floodplain of the river Lark, spatially closely assoicated with SFBs 55, 56, 60, and 62.  In form it was a two-post type, but unsal in that it was in fact broader than it was long, being in plan an irregular shape, very rounded in outline.


Additional information:
SFB 20 lay on the south edge of the site, partly overlaid by SFB 19.  The pit was oval, the sides sloped gently to the bottom of the pit giving a rounded profile, with no ddefinition between the sides and the base, unlike most of the other SFBs, which displayed some change of angle.  Two distinct layers were discernible in the pit.  The SFB cut through Pit 69 and was in turn overlaid by SFB 19 and Pit 65.


Additional information:
cf. dog?, described as similar to a male fox but due to robustness probably dog.


Context:
Ass with demolition of Roman stone building


Context:
Levelling encroaching on road surface F747


Context:
Levelling over str 7 and 8 for 10 and 11


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, fowl, goose, wild bird, amphibia


Context:
Levelling over str 13 for 17 and environs


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, dom and wild bird


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, dom and wild birds


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, dom and wild birds, fish


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, dom birds and fish


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, dom birds, fish


Context:
Levelling over W end of site for str, 23,24 and 25


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep, pig, cat, fowl, goose, fish


Context:
Levelling over str 23, 24, 25 for 27/28 and 29


Context:
Levelling over and beyond str 26 for 27/28


Context:
Levelling dump rear of str 42/43, 46 and 49


Human/animal present:
Young adult male, decapitated.  Body was buried in the supine position with the left knee semi-flexed.  The head had been placed between the legs just below the knees.  The neck had been cut through at the level of 2nd cervical vertebra.

Grave goods:
6 silver coins, wrapped in a piece of linen were found in the region of the left axilla, there being a metal stain on the axillary border if the scapula just below the glenoid fossa.

Additional information:
Large dog, lay between the skull and left thigh of the man.  The head had been removed and no trace of the skull or teeth could be found.


Human/animal present:
Above skeletons 13, 14, 15, and 16; other animal bones are mentioned within this layer but none specifically

Additional information:
Large dog found among the loose bones above skeletons 13, 14, 15 and 16.


Human/animal present:
Cattle, sheep/goat, pig, red and roe deer, domestic fowl


Additional information:
2 bones, evidence of gnawing on bones from this layer.


Additional information:
Layer to the rear of the site, another dog in the same context (14 bones in total).


Additional information:
Layer to the front of the site, 4 bones.


Additional information:
Layer in Tenement B, another dog in this layer = dog bone total 16 bones.


Additional information:
Layer at front of Tenement B, another dog from this layer, total no. of bones 3.


Additional information:
Layer at the front of Tenement B, 4 bones.


Additional information:
Backfill in structure 5/5, Tenement C, another dog was found in this backfill, total no. of bones 14.


Additional information:
Backfill in Structure 5/7, Tenement D, two other dogs in this backfill, total no. of bones = 34.


Additional information:
Backfill in Structure 5/3, Tenement B, 5 bones.


Additional information:
Backfill in Structure 5/2, Tenement A, 5 bones.


Additional information:
Floor levels in Structure 5/4, Tenement B, one bone.


Additional information:
Floor levels in Structure 5/3, Tenement B, 4 bones.


Additional information:
Layer in Tenement D upon which Structure 5/10 was constructed, 5 bones.


Additional information:
Layer in Tenement D upon which Structure 5/10 was constructed, 2 bones.


Additional information:
Dog either died in this location or its body was placed there shortly after the last firing of the kiln and immediately prior to its complete abandonment.  Almost complete - few missing MP and PHs.


Additional information:
Skull and some associated postcrania of a large animal, the cranium and proximal radius from this dog represented a substantially larger dog than from the Roman dog remains.  Sex was determined using The and Trouth (1976).


Additional information:
Partial skeleton - slightly smaller than Dogs ID 193-5.


Human/animal present:
Horse, sh/g, interred unsexed cremated adult human

Additional information:
Cremated bone - may all come from the left hind foot - left ast and cal and unsided MP frag. Could suggest a partial offering, skin? But v dubious. Small dog. Experimental studies have shown that these elements are likely to be found in close association in the pyre debris and poss. Seperated from abdominal and prox. Limb elements.


Human/animal present:
Horse, pig, sh/g, poss ox (544 frags in total - mainly from horse and dog)

Additional information:
Cremated bone - all regions of skeleton (left and right).  Left third and fourth premolar region and right third molar region of maxilla and a frag of mandible were present. Axis, atlas, and a caudral vert identified. Forelimbs - scapula blade, right hum, right and left ulnae, right rad, left and right 3rd MC and frag 3rd/4th unsided MC. Hind limbs - frag of right ace, left tib, ast,and cal. MP, 2nd phal, 5 x 1st phal, 2 x (1st/2nd)  phalanges. Medium sized animal.


Human/animal present:
Gnawed cow MT, 1 horse bones, 5 sheep-size frags, 6 amphibian bone

Additional information:
Found lying on its right side, with the backbone round the outer curve of the pit and was almost complete though most of the toes were missing, possibly lost during excavation.  The animal could be positively identified as male from the presence of a baculum (os penis).  All bones fused epiphyses and the teeth were heavily worn, indeed the canines had filed sides where they had worn against each other and lower left was reduced to a stump. Similar size and build of a modern Rottweiler.  5 sheep-size frags recovered among the dog bones, all 'digested' - interpreted gut contents of the dog.


Additional information:
Period I, group 5, 13 dogs from this group, increase in cat numbers in this grouping as well.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, roe and red deer, goose, fowl, fox, badger, beaver

Additional information:
Two frags, cranium and lower tooth.  Bones accumulated to the NW of a hollow used for smelting.  May represent food waste of the iron smelters.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, deer, antler, wild bird, fish

Additional information:
One frag, bottom layer, feature thought to be latest in Six dials excavations with domestic rubbish.


Additional information:
Two frags, outside Six Dials - occupation area, close packing of AB, unique to Hamwic.


Additional information:
11 frags, small and slender, bones eroded - fragmented, not old.  Ditch 1.5m deep x 3m wide, boundary demarcation rather than as defence and probably dates to the lying out of the town.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, deer, antler, wild bird

Additional information:
Two frags, bone is pit material but come from three distinct layers (rich brown colour) similar deposits have been noticed from time to time in Hamwic.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, goose, red deer, wild bird, fish

Additional information:
One fragment, pit dated to latest at Six Dials excavation.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, goose, fox, wild bird


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, goose, red deer, wild bird

Additional information:
One fragment construction layer, pelvis - huge by Hamwic standards.


Additional information:
One fragment - construction layer, radius - v small and twisted animal described as 'bandy' and chewed by an animal with good substantial teeth.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, fowl, red and roe deer, fish


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, fowl, goose, red and roe deer, wild bird, fish

Additional information:
Two frags from rubbish layer of a major bone working pit.  Pit is a late one in the Six dials sequence, comparable with the well F2014 (SOU 30), well phased.  F2048 - circular pit 2m diameter x 1.3m deep.  Radius and tibia, neither measurable, both small.  Only in the later Hamwic contexts that any dogs other than basic medium sized animals are found.


Additional information:
Extremely gracile but compared well with medium sized dog, suffered greenstick fracture of femur, died as an adult.


Additional information:
Shorter and stouter, v bent limbs, not clear whether this is pathological or not, eg rickets or selective breeding.  2/3 the height of the slender dog from this site (Dog ID 262).


Additional information:
Partial skeleton in Oram's Arbour ditch.


Additional information:
Gnawing, knife cuts possible indication of skinning.


Additional information:
Tibia noted to be bowed, known as Specimen no. 106.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, red deer antler, wild bird


Additional information:
Fractured tibia, dog would have been taller had this not occurred, known as specimen no. 162.


Additional information:
Fragment of mandible, probably dog but wolf sized.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, ca, fowl, goose, wild birds, fish


Additional information:
Pre-manorial, phase 1A, partial skeleton with 25 bones including skull.  Est SH from humerus. Slightly larger than a dog from M Saxon Hamwic but within he range given for AS dogs in Britain.  Adult with all permanent teeth in wear and major long bones fused. Some bones were quite eroded.


Additional information:
11 bones between two dogs.  Radius length = 89cm; Femur length = 107cm.  Dogs not considered food supply, dogs described as small (below collie size).


Additional information:
Partial skeleton, pit located in the extra enclosure settlement.  Known as Specimen no. 16 possible pathology bone.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red deer, fowl, goose, fish

Additional information:
One bone in middle of pit, pit contained good amount of bone working waste.  Worked tibia - fused, proximal end cut horizontally near the top of the shaft.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, goose, wild bird, fish


Additional information:
Deep filled pit, medium sized dog, excellent preservation with baculum present for sexing.
Est SH with Harcourt (mean = 58.5cm; range 57.5-59.1) and Koudelka (mean = 57.7cm; 55.8-60.7)


Additional information:
see Dog ID 299. Medium sized, presumed female due to the lack of baculum.
Est SH with Harcourt (mean = 56.5cm; range 55.3-57.3) and Koudelka (mean = 55.6cm; 53.9-57.3)


Additional information:
One of eight puppies from this context, very small and v porous bones, the ilia and ishia were not fused.  Poss related to female - mother and unborn pups.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, roe deer, fowl, goose, wild bird, fish


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red deer, fowl, wild bird, fish


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, red deer, fowl, goose, fish


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red and roe deer, rabbit


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red and roe deer, rabbit, beaver


Additional information:
Hind limbs, known as Specimen 10 in archive.


Additional information:
Most of the skeleton present, large shoulder height with its odd, even larger radius.  Known as Specimen no. 21 in archive.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red, fallow and  roe deer, rabbit, hare


Additional information:
Two loose upper premolars and frag of skull with strong sagittal crest - medium sized dog.


Additional information:
Very small, length across the glenoid (LG) was 18.3mm, tiny fused prox tibia with Bp of 23.1mm - tiny cuts on the lateral surface of joint, young - vertabrae not fully fused.


Additional information:
Left pelvis (cranial end) - medium sized dog.


Additional information:
Small left pelvis, acetabular length = 16.6mm.


Additional information:
Larger left pelvis, acetabular length = 27.9mm (medium to large dog).


Additional information:
Medium sized atlas and two frags of loose teeth.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, fowl, goose, frog, fish

Additional information:
Left mandible of old dog, where 3rd and 4th premolars had both been lost ante-mortem.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, cat red deer, horse, fowl, duck, wild bird

Additional information:
Small humerus, too badly chewed to measure GL but Bd 24.3mm and min. shaft SC = 8mm and a small and rather bowed radius shaft and a whole fused tibia had a greater prox. Breadth than that in the upper ditch (Bp = 27.3mm cmpared with 23.1mm) but at 105.2mm its length was short in proportion and would convert by the factors of Koudelka to WH of only 310mm.  Bone was strangely curved and animal could not have carried itself normally. Bones removed from archive for path study - not returned.


Additional information:
26 frags, neonatal puppy - no ends fused, very small.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, roe deer, fowl, goose

Additional information:
Front maxilla of smallish dog, adult with 3rd premolar in wear, P3 maxilla length 9.87mm.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, roe deer, fowl, duck

Additional information:
Four bones - small individual.  Small radius shaft in context 373; small and rather bowed frag of distal tibia in 315 (taken ot of archive for pathology study - not returned)


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g. pig, horse, roe deer, fowl, duck


Additional information:
Very straight large humerus and well-sculptured ulna described as wolf-like but no jaw frags.  Dr Juliet Jewell of BM (Natural History) is at present studying these bones = poss large dog which was well exercised, fitted into Harcourts Saxon range.


Additional information:
Mandiular fragment, which has well-spaced teeth like the modern long-jawed dogs and a lower carnassial tooth length of 22.6mm.  According to Zollitsch (1969) this is lower than the range for Canis lupus. fitted into Harcourts Saxon range.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, fowl, red and roe deer

Additional information:
One fragment, bone working pit, offcuts of cattle and antler.


Additional information:
Quite large mandible (infradental-condyle length of 152mm)  with possble skinning marks.


Additional information:
One bone, typical rubbish layer, expected line of the north/south road, first fox recorded from Hamwic.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, dog, cat, fowl, goose, antler

Additional information:
Two bones, large layer which overspreads the latest sure M Saxon contexts in the trench. Some evidence of bone working.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red and fallow deer, hare, fox


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, cat, red and fallow deer, hare


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, cat, red and fallow deer, hare, whale


Additional information:
Twelve bones, partial skeleton with large skull, no contextual information.


Additional information:
16.5 bones and teeth, sub-period 2, area 4, group 7.


Additional information:
Five bones, sub-period 3, area 9, group 63.


Additional information:
13.5 bones, sub-period 3, area 9, group 109.


Additional information:
14 bones, sub-period 3, area 2, group 2.


Additional information:
17.5 bones, sub-period 3, area 2, group 2.


Additional information:
Skeleton no 42089, male with bowed lower limbs.  Described as at the height of a large terrier, but the robustness of the skeleton suggests that its build was relatively large for the length of the legs.  Dog is v broad in the shoulder and the rear end.  Dogs head was fairly large (similar to labrador).  It is poss to measure the angle between the basal plane of the skull and the occipital bone and this angle suggests how the dog carried its head.  This dog had an angle of 95°, which indicates that the head was held fairly upright.  The overall length and dental dimensions conform closely to those of modern greyhounds in every respect, although thickness and height of the jaw was v much more robust.


Additional information:
Head is similar to modern labrador, but the length dimensions of both the cranium and the mandibles are shorter than seen in labradors.  Animal appears broad but relatively foreshortened head, and posterior height of the skull is rather shallow and indicates that the head may have had a flat appearance.  Very acute occipital angle, with occipital condyles set well behind the akrokranion (the top of the occipital bone).  At 78° this suggests a very drooped head carriage, lower than we are accustomed to seeing in modern greyhounds.


Additional information:
Right tibia, a fine cut mark on the lateral edge of the proximal shaft - poss evidence amongst these dog remains for disarticulation.


Additional information:
Left mandible, an axis and two thoracic vertebrae, and the dimensions of both the axis and mandible suggest a fairly large animal.  The measurements of both are very simialr to those of comparative modern alsation and labrador data, although the carnassial appears slightly larger relative to the premolar row.


Additional information:
Hindlimb bones without the paws of a fairly large dog. Similar to a modern Alsation but with rather more slender legs.


Human/animal present:
3 cow, 5 pig, 1 horse, 2 goat, 1 cat and 1 chicken

Additional information:
Humerus and metapodial, dog came from a pit outside the cemetery area, feature may have been a lime pit.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, red and roe deer, fowl, bird


Additional information:
10 bones, described as a very large, so served as a hunting dog.


Additional information:
The pit was a latrine pit contained a number of whole small animals, the dog was in the lower fills.  In pit 451 contained a whole horse.  No other details given for this burial.


Human/animal present:
Cattle skull and MT, horse MC, possible knife and nail

Additional information:
Cattle MT placed on top of a skull an inverted dog skull, without the lower jaw, across the nose of the cattle skull. Chalk blocks and flint were carefully placed around the eastern and northern sides of the skulls. Several other bones came from the chalk and flint infill. A horse MC may possibly have been deliberately placed in an almost vertical position in the northern part of the pit. The pit measured 1.2m x 0.4m.


Additional information:
L Saxon to M 13th C - 5 elements (range 543-600mm) come from animals larger than the typical AS dog (Harcourt 1994) which had an average height of 530mm; two are below this average (306 and 422mm).


Additional information:
The radius and ulna had been broken in half and healed out of alignment, with much additional bone growth.  The extent of healing indicates the animal survived for some time after the accident but it would have had a permanently foreshortened and swollen leg.  Although its leg was not set, this animal presumably received some care and attention when recovering from this injury, until it eventually died.


Additional information:
Moderately deep circular pit, infant, but neonatal, puppy.


Additional information:
Partial skeleton of a neonatal puppy from a shallow, circular pit.  This may well have been disposed of by the household as an unwanted birth or natural demise.


Additional information:
This dog was found in the robbed out context of a Roman building.  This speciman of small bowed tibia.


Additional information:
Could have been a deliberate attempt to control the no. of dogs or simple case of neonatal mortality.


Additional information:
A mandible from a puppy of six to eight weeks was discovered in the ditch.


Additional information:
Length of the lower carnassials (M1) = 22.3mm.


Additional information:
Complete puppy of three month was disposed of in Norman cess pit.


Additional information:
Radius used for ESH, partial skeleton, most of the bones are from the left side of the body, even the skull fragment and the mandible.  This suggests that the body was partially buried whilst lying on its left side and these were the bones which were left behind when the it was emptied.


Additional information:
Length of the lower carnassials (M1) = 17.9mm.


Additional information:
Length of the lower carnassials (M1) = 21.0mm


Additional information:
More than 2 years old, sciatic tuberosity of the pelvis fused, but not old. It has recd blows on the muzzle, prob with a stick, resulting in lesions on both nasal bones and maxillae.  After death the backbone appears to have been divided between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae.  No other marks were noted.  More likely marks were from fitting the carcasses into a restricted space, the base of the ditch.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, red and roe deer, cat, fowl, goose, vole, amphibian


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, red and roe deer, fowl, amphibian


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, red and roe deer, fowl, goose, vole


Context:
Infill connected with the conversion of the keep

Additional information:
These dog remains may have been dumped here from another of the Keeps.


Context:
Make up associated with the spine wall additions


Additional information:
Described as terrier-type, skull from [654] chopped by an axe/cleaver.


Additional information:
Skull of terrier-type, the reduced (worn down) enamel crowns in the upper and lower cheekteeth, resulting in the exposure of the dentine, and ante-mortem loss of the left canine tooth (with complete closure of the alveolus) indicate this animal was of advanced age at time of death.


Additional information:
Specimen is incomplete and fragmented but is identified as male from surviving narrow basioccipital markings.


Additional information:
Est SH calculated using 3rd MC (Clark 1994) and along with other measurements this animal is of similar build to a greyhound, although significantly shorter.  The mandibular carnassial is very worn on the buccal side suggesting a malocclusion with the corresponding maxillary tooth.  This could be due to damage to the upper tooth, or by abnormality in conformation whereby the upper dentition overlapped the lower teeth.


Additional information:
Partial skeleton, large find assemblage associated with this feature.


Additional information:
This dog showed signs of degenerative arthritis, noted on the lower lumbar vertabrae.


Additional information:
One partially complete, articulated skeleton.  Dog lying extended and flat on its right side, including complete skull and mandibles, all vertebrates, sternebrae, and prox ('upper') elements of the forelimbs, the scapula and humerus and caput of the prox femur of one hind leg. No butchery. Skeleton severly truncated, resulting in complete removal of the lower forelimbs and pelvis and almost the whole of the hind limbs. See additional information sheet.


Additional information:
A large dog recovered from the backfill of a well.  It was similar in size to an Alsatian (compared to the ref skeleton at MoLSS).


Additional information:
A humerus was chopped and later gnawed by a dog (or fox), alternatively since few other dog bones indicated very large mastiff sized beasts, and no other site has yielded evidence for Saxons eating their dogs, this animal may have suffered a blow from a sharp weapon on its shoulder.  It may have died or been put down and subsequently been consumed as carrion by dogs and other scavengers.


Grave goods:
Mutilated sword, ae loop, iron buckle, iron strap slide, ae frags

Additional information:
Burnt/broken bone from cremation hearth.


Additional information:
Deposited in the primary fill, skeleton sealed by a waterlaid grey sandy clay.


Additional information:
Complete skeleton along with cod and twaite shad found in the western ditch.  The western ditch also contain leather frags.


Additional information:
Pathology section of the report mentions rehealed rib fracture, extra bony growth on a femur around the articular surface, possibly due to arthitic conditions.  A small dog tibia and rib, possibly from the same animal, both showed evidence of disease.  The tibia was severely distorted - the shaft was probably reduced, and was bent backwards and sideways at the proximal end.  The bone of the proximal epiphysis seemed slightly porous.  The rib had extra bone growth just behind the epiphysis.


Additional information:
Four bones, during this time construction and use of the west road from the castle.


Human/animal present:
Sheep, cattle, bird, cat, pig, horse, fallow deer


Additional information:
Small dog lived some time with a fractured right femur, due to eburnation the right leg appears therefore to have been still of some use.  The strain on the left leg has resulted in the growth of a bony extension of the left lateral process of the last lumbar vert, the pelvis resting on this process as well as the sacrum are normal. R tib 1% shorter than L, the ends of the bones (Bd is 3% smaller) and central shaft is 5% smaller.  It is likely that the injury occurred shortly before growth of the bone was complete, perhaps a year old, the later stages of bone development being more affected from the earlier. Dog killed by a blow to the head.  Dog no older than 18 months (all long bones and vert are mature) due to none of the teeth have worn enamel through expose the dentine.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, cat, rat, beaver, fowl, goose


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, rat, frog, fowl


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, fowl, goose, wild bird


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, cat, vole, rat, frog, fowl, goose, partridge, plowver, duck


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, cat, goose, rook/crow


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, cat, frog, fowl, goose


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, cat, fowl, goose


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, deer, fowl, plover


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, horse, vole, cat, frog, mole, fowl, dove

Additional information:
Three bones, horseshoe found is same pit.


Additional information:
Mandible of dog at least 7 months old, wear on the third incisor suggests it is in fact older than this.


Grave goods:
Spearhead, sandston frag, knife, hone or rubbing stone

Additional information:
6 rib frags, dog positioned below the left foot.  The poor condition of the dog remains, when compared with the good condition of the humans bones suggests that the rib frags are residual, or at least do not represent the deposition of a complete dog.


Additional information:
Dog bone in a small slot, c 0.7m long, 0.12m deep, filled with a mixture of shells and clean sand.


Additional information:
Nine dog bones, layer of dark grey oily sand with large quantities of limpet shells, bone and broken frags of slate, covered the sand deposits in the hollow, the hearth layers and adjacent slots.


Additional information:
One bone,from a composite layer consisting of at least two visible layers of brown sand and also large quantities of rubbish.


Additional information:
One bone, from composite layer with limpet shells.


Additional information:
Two  bones from Area D, burial location not given.


Additional information:
One MT, pottery, bone and building material found in cellar.


Additional information:
Three bones, destructive layer associated with the abandonment of the castle.


Additional information:
One bone, occupational layer over the castle floor.


Additional information:
Two bones, either from the floor of the castle or an earlier pit.


Additional information:
One bone, layers composing the base of the mound in a trench excavated at the foot of the motte.


Additional information:
Dog mandibular ramus indicated a medium sized animal "therefore not kept for hunting large game as deer - an activity requiring instead of one of the "remarkably large…hound type" dogs known fom such Saxon sites as Thetford (Clutton-Brock 1976).  Probably a household pet poss as guard dog or controlling rodents.


Additional information:
One of eight dogs found in the pit along with at least ten cats.  On the basis of epiphyseal fusion in the limb bones, the dogs appear to have been over five months but less than a year old at the time of death.  Due to incomplete condition of the majority of the dog bones and their age - no osteometric study could be carried out.


Additional information:
Three bone, single large animal and an old individual based on toothwear like the one from Testers, "probably hunting dog".


Additional information:
One bone - part of a small jaw. Gnawed bones also found in this phase.


Additional information:
52 bones from one dog (41 of the bones were rib and vert frags).


Additional information:
Three skull bones possibly the same animal, silt deposit was sealing a ditch.


Additional information:
58 bones from SFB from central position on the pit floor.  Hindlimbs not present.  Est SH from forelimbs (coefficient variation 1.6%).  Skull to damaged for indices.  No direct evidence for the significance of the burial, but it may have been intended to mark the foundation or abandonment of the structure.


Additional information:
One jaw bone, abraded, no teeth remaining in sockets.


Additional information:
One bone, ulna chopped transversely on the upper shaft on the radial groove, as if the radius has been chopped through at this point.  Perhaps a dog radius would have been useful in bone working?


Grave goods:
Large sword (35.25in long and c 2in wide), much of the wooden scabbard present.  Thin rectangular iron plate, shield-boss, short spearhead, small knife

Additional information:
Small dog was under the sword which lay across the body. Body was tall (c 6ft 2in or 1,522mm) and muscular.  No more info given.  Body E-W, skeleton possibly disturbed but grave goods not removed.


Additional information:
Mandible complete of a large animal with M3, P1, P2, P3, found in group C (lower half of the depression).


Additional information:
Animal burial? complete skeleton a large, old animal.  Vert epiphyses were well fused and the canine teeth down, both suggesting age.  Adj this animal burial was one of a young pig.


Additional information:
Pendant located under the jaw, the only grave good, a perforated right upper canine from a large dog (36mm). Condition of enamel suggests five years or more exposure before deposition.  Pierced for suspension, broken across hole.


Additional information:
Group of bones in middle Saxon deposit from a very small dog, short and twisted limb bones.


Additional information:
Two bones - represented dumped material and human waste.  Large amount of animal bones.


Additional information:
Two limb bones, mainly butchers waste, bones bent and twisted worth considering that this animal may represent a particular type of dog, bowing noted in modern terrier breeds.


Additional information:
One bone, feature at south east end of the site, sealed by wall F9 was a slot (F38/46) with possible postholes sunk into it at either end.


Additional information:
Period 3 = dry-sieving 7 bones, wet sieving 11 bones, not burial locations.


Additional information:
Period 4 = dry-sieving 6 bones, wet-sieving 17 bones, no burial location.


Human/animal present:
Cow, sheep, pig, red deer, fowl, goose, oyster

Additional information:
One bone, despite presence of butchery waste the assemblage is prob domestic in origin.


Additional information:
One mandible, aged using Silver (1971) - permanent canine not yet erupted, P3 visible in the crypt.


Additional information:
One humerus, aged using epiphyseal fusing on the humerus.


Additional information:
One skull and one humerus, aged using epiphyseal fusing on the humerus.


Additional information:
V large dog found couched in the corner of structure adj. to postholes, 532 and 1060 was the articulated skeleton. V detailed anlylsis in article. Specimen no. 1982.347. Compared with a bloodhound skeleton - v similar.  C14 dated.


Additional information:
Small dog, although larger than a lap dog - no measurements given.


Additional information:
19 bones, partial burial consisting of hum, ulna, two pel, fem, tib, mp, rib and vt.


Human/animal present:
Cow, sh, pig, goat, horse, cat, fowl, goose, oyster


Additional information:
Proximal and distal halves of 2 MP bones from a medium sized dog.


Additional information:
East side of the hearth and between it and the bank of gravel were found the skull and some bones of a dog.


Additional information:
Dog buried in the middle of floor, entirely covered by midden with a piece of RB red ware lay on the skeleton, together with numerous broken bones and potsherds which strewed the floor, indicates a v low standard of living and complete disregard for cleaniness or comfort.


Additional information:
Isolated bones rather than whole or partial skeletons, impossible to make comparison between phases based upon metrical data because of the very small no. of complete measurable bones. From observation alone that a wide size range of dogs was represented on the site. Very few of the bones found were immature and this may reflect man's attitude to dogs, the degree of protection which they were afforded and thus the esteem in which they were held.


Additional information:
Seven bones from upper and lower of Building 7; sheep bones  marginally more common than cattle, immature pig, and remainder made up dog, deer, small mammals, dom fowl, and goose.


Additional information:
2 bones, ditch fills contained a few bones, cattle bones are predominant.


Additional information:
3 bones, grave fills contained animal bone, none of the bones are interpreted as grave offerings, the conclusion is that the graves were dug into an area scattered with bone.  Sheep bones most common, followed by cattle and pig.


Additional information:
8 dog bones; a largely complete pig skull lay on the floor, and a dog skeleton has slipped into the eastern posthole.


Human/animal present:
Horse, cow, sheep, pig, deer, large mammal


Human/animal present:
Horse, cow, sheep, pig, deer, large mammal, small mammal


Additional information:
Head of dog situated over the man's knees.


Additional information:
Young woman (no more than 27 years old) and a small 'lap dog', dog bones in grave.


Additional information:
Well preserved young dog, complete and articulated - poss hunting dog, cut marks indicating skinning.  Located under a later floor. Report online - articulated, lying on its left side. Min. 10mths old, fully adult dentition but virtually no wear. Build similar to a boxer with a skull like a greyhound with a broader snout and jaws. Butchery marks indicate that the dog was skinned. See article for full description.


Human/animal present:
In context 501 - cattle, sheep, goat, pig, hare, chicken, carrion crow, gull and intrusive rabbit.


Additional information:
Mandible (no number) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Mandible (89) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Mandible (38) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.  Broken after the M1 but glued back together - no M3. Teeth cramped in jaw.


Additional information:
Mandible (no label) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Atlas (188) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Mandible (77) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Humerus (no label) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Tibia (no label) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Skull (52) - bones found in NHM box labelled - ARC 1972 5072 - nothing to link any of the bones as one individual.


Additional information:
Information on card 2b and 2c, base of ditch fill, depth 3 foot, 3 inches. Small skull.  Young as M2 and M3  in max and mand  just erupting. All major bones are present with both distal and prox end unfused.  Good preservation.  Vert, phalanges and MP present.


Additional information:
Depth 4 feet with oyster shell, dark soil.  Level with lower road.  Bones seem to be grissly extra ossificiation.


Additional information:
Mandible (one with an x)- wore down teeth - three mandibles in one box (1 right and 2 left).


Additional information:
Mandible (one with an orange sticker)- wore down teeth - three mandibles in one box (1 right and 2 left).


Additional information:
Mandible (one with nothing)- wore down teeth - three mandibles in one box (1 right and 2 left).


Additional information:
Skull, with healed over P1 on the right hand side.


Additional information:
Brown soil and scattered occupation debris.


Additional information:
Skull and mandibles no details apart from dog labelled CC.  Big skull and mandibles, some wear on the teeth.


Additional information:
Skull and mandibles no details apart from dog labelled H. Some wear on the teeth.


Additional information:
Skull and mandibles from dog labelled DD. Some wear on the teeth. Hut 6, Pit 27.


Additional information:
Skull and humerus from dog labelled from Hut T1. Some wear on the teeth.


Additional information:
Cranium - labelled "From E portion of Hut G, Dog F at 6 foot in ash".


Context:
Between N A II and N B II at 5' with [118]

Additional information:
Part of cranium - box labelled -  Between N A II and N B II at 5' with [118].


Additional information:
Skull and both mandibles - teeth very worn.  Box labelled as "From hole 200 yards SW hut at about 2'".  Canine on RHS mandible has what looks like a worn patch (eburnation) on the side?


Additional information:
Cranium and both mandibles from box labelled " Grid NI at 4'. Dark soil and ash over pit lip with [669] Dog BB.


Additional information:
Pelvis and fibula from a box labelled Pit N-21.


Additional information:
Dog is represented by part of skull and mandible, together with a humerus of an aged individual.


Additional information:
Report - 23 bones found in eight features. Couple of puppy bones identified.


Additional information:
Report - 23 bones found in eight features. Large bones.


Additional information:
Report - 23 bones found in eight features.


Additional information:
One bone, under 15 months by modern criteria.


Additional information:
Two fitting frags of the occipital region of the cranium and a loose canine - very small (little bigger than a fox).  The shape of the foramen magnum and canine is dog like.


Additional information:
15 bones located in a small pit in the floor of the Castle Hall. Contained 3rd PH of fallow deer, a rabbit tibia, vert of mulet and conger eel.  Dog was fully mature but very small, from humerus using Harcourt would have been 32cm. Lap dog "probably delightful but of little use, is an indication of wealth and status.


Additional information:
Total of 183 bones in this feature, dog made up of mandible and loose tooth.


Additional information:
Possible dog burial - comprised of mandibles, cheek tooth row 71.5mm, with teeth in good condition and not heavily worn, two upper jaw teeth, first 3 CV, scap, ulna, both innominate bones with fused epiphysis, hum and radius shaft, frags of rib.  Mandibular cheek tooth row length within Harcourt's range for AS but v much at the lower end. Fully adult.


Additional information:
Bone count to at least another dog excavated from this time period but no details are given.


Additional information:
138 bones from single skeleton (B134) from a pit in the quarry. Not metrical etc details given for the skeleton.


Additional information:
4 bones - not associated with the dog skeleton found it pit but no other details provided.


Additional information:
Single bones from a no. of croft contexts.


Additional information:
3 bones - possible wolf - prox end chopped or sawn off?


Additional information:
Partial skeleton (plate 15 in book), 432 bone frags. Skull badly fragmented. Mandibular cheek tooth row length est. at 70mm. All adult teeth present and little worn, at least 7 mths. Epiphyseal fusion data suggests an age prior to 14-15 mths. Cal of SH fom Hum, Fem, and Tib give heights of 463mm, 471mm and 453mm. Below Harcourt but dog is immature.


Additional information:
Very small dog from proximal radius (Bp - 15.5mm) and small MC.


Additional information:
Nearly complete skeleton, distal femur chopped vertically at joint, described as medium stature.


Additional information:
Scapula chopped at the back; girdle - surface cut marks.


Additional information:
Other animals present from site - cattle, sheep, dog but no bone count given. Dog represented by a single damaged bone - ulna - very similar in size to that of a labrador.


Additional information:
Kate Clark - incompletely sampled so can't tell if it is distort or from skeleton. Teeth fully in wear, but canine sutures are visible, animal mature but not elderly. Left P1 missing, with alveolus filling so tooth had been lost before death. Dog had congenital anomaly of a supernumeracy caudal right molar tooth. Length of skull comparable to that of a greyhound, less gracile. Relationship of the frontal area to the length of cranial vault has a greater resemblance to laborador.V square muzzle, not massively built - plain heavy jawled look.


Additional information:
An intact dog skull was located in the Hamwic archives - not cleaned up, medium sized, well worn teeth esp incisors, pathology on RHS of skull over eye, box has been labelled item no. 356.


Additional information:
Found in archives, excavated from a ditch which is believed to be part of the drainage system.


Additional information:
From NHM archives two boxes labelled "skeletons were mixed up but were sorted by VEK".  From bones in the two boxes it appears as though there is a third dog. Only bones labelled either B or C were measured.


Additional information:
from NHM archives, well preserved, some bones glued together.


Additional information:
Four frags - no information given regarding the bones.


Additional information:
Maxilla frag.  Included in level - cattle, sheep, horse, goose.


Additional information:
One fragment, phases 2 - upcast from the moat construction and the material from the demoblished walls was used level up the northern half of the large island, in prep. For the construction of the new complex of the buildings.


Additional information:
MNI given for phase 9 (no other details on dogs).


Additional information:
MNI given for phase 10 (no other details on dogs).


Additional information:
Incisor fragment. Frag found in a rectangular/square feature in plan with curved edges, found in the silty clay infill.  Three horse bones were excavated from this deposit.


Additional information:
8 bones, from young dog. Ditch associated with settlement.


Additional information:
One bone from a stake-lined cess pit exc'd into natural sand on the edge of the northern scarp of the Saxon town in 10th-11th C.


Additional information:
Two dog frags.  V small sample from the cellared barn.


Additional information:
Bones included axis, calcaneum and MT - similar size to Sheepdog. Surface layer was extensive covering trench 3B and C and accounts for 19% of all bones.


Additional information:
Fragments included 2 humerii, broken molar, MT, and portion of baculum.  Described as slightly larger than modern sheepdog.


Additional information:
Dog tooth. Context 8 was the first fill of the ditch around the ringfort, containing AB and stones.


Additional information:
2 bone frags. Furnace - deep circular pit with a flue. Dog bones came from a dark organic soil containing charcoal and AB - dog, deer and cattle.


Additional information:
Jaw bone that has been burnt, impossible to say whether this occurred by accident or design.


Additional information:
One mandible, teeth display considerable crowding.  Crowding index low due to gap between PM2 and PM4, all teeth erupted.


Additional information:
Femur frag. This came from the largest bone group from the upper levels of ditch F12.  Contained not only domesticates but bones from red deer and otter.  The skin of an otter was highly-regarded and used for gloves and harp-bags.


Additional information:
2 frags of skull, 1 x scapula, 1 x femur and 1 x ulna.


Additional information:
1 x tooth, 1 x humerus, 1 x femur, 1 x tibia


Additional information:
Whale bone also found in this phase - rare.


Additional information:
No details given except dog bones present.


Additional information:
Larger than a sheepdog. Only 28 for the site, v fragmentary.


Additional information:
Sheepdog size, Numerous frags, apparently belonging to one individual, came from the souterrain in the small Structure C' that lies outside the fort.


Additional information:
No details given aout bones except animals also present sh/g (some young), ox, horse, and pig (some suckling and some ? Unborn). Also some red deer (including antlers), large and small (one duck), dog, cat, boars tusks, a fish vertebra and an oyster shell.


Additional information:
14 frags.  Bones coming from a single individual in the rubble from the souterrain so dating is not accurate. Height calculated from femur.


Additional information:
45 frags, identified as from one individual, "Medium sized", from the bottom of Trench 1.


Additional information:
6 frags. Described as a mature animal a little smaller than a modern day spaniel.


Additional information:
Estimated SH from humerus. No Butchery marks.


Additional information:
No NISP given for any AB, just species present. Included: cow, sh/g, pig, horse, cat, red deer.  Horse had butchery marks indicating skinning for hide.


Additional information:
10 VT, v fine ulna, fibula, os calcis, astragulus, 10 MP, right mandible with one premolar and 2 molar teeth in position, right duplicate lower carnassial - could pass as a small wolf or a powerful breed of dog.


Additional information:
Mandible with no teeth and 2 MT - sheep dog size.


Additional information:
Half a pelvis from lake muds immediately below the E C occupational layer.


Additional information:
One twisted ulna - lap dog or v small, bandy-legged dog.


Additional information:
3 frags, 2 from mandible.  From layer in the baking house from the farmstead.


Additional information:
One fragment - humerus. Dwelling house with turf roof, could have been reused.


Additional information:
One of 2 dogs from this building (17 frags in total). Bones present jaw, 1PH and VT.


Additional information:
43 bones, left tibia noted as fractured and healed. Building 8 was a simple ancillary structure, believed to be a separate farmstead.


Additional information:
Est SH from Radius - bowed radius "typical of a dachshund".


Additional information:
Neonatal bones, possible a bitch and pup burial but unsure from report which burial the neonatal was associated with.


Human/animal present:
Cow, s/g, pig, cat, fowl, goose, mallard, eel, flat fish, herring, mackerel, perch, frog

Additional information:
Neonate pup along with 2 other older puppies and adult dog. 7 cats in pit. Interpreted as a round up of cats and dogs in the street and dumped in pit as it was filled over a short period of time.


Additional information:
Described as medium sized adult dog - both humeri, right femur, right tibia, and right fibula.


Additional information:
Described as a subadult medium sized dog. Left humerus, left radius, left ulna.


Additional information:
Four bones representing a juvenile individual.


Additional information:
Tibia - both ends are unfused, suggesting an age under 1 year.


Additional information:
Dog described as falling into the larger dog category for medieval Ireland.  Skull measurements available but which belong to which dog is not determined. Simpson (1995, 115-6) notes "Remains of large dog were probably those of a 'stag-hound', the medieval equivalent of an Irish wolfhound. That they were much prized, as hunting dogs, is evident by the fact that they were exported to England. In 1275, the Kind sent his valet Henry le Hert to Ireland 'to seek for stag-hounds', presumably for the Royal chase.


Additional information:
No further details given. Skull measurements available but which belong to which dog is not determined.


Additional information:
No signs of erosion, gnawing or butchery marks, suggesting that they were buried quickly and were not burnt. The large amount of fragmentation has led Strid to suggest that they are unlikely to represent grave-goods buried with the skeleton as these usually consist of complete animals or the results of single meals. Young male human skeleton in a shallow grave and supine position, orientated roughly n-s with the head to the south.


Additional information:
One bone - Proximal epiphysis of PH2, bone fuses by 6 months.


Additional information:
3 bones - Caudral VT, PH1 and PH2 unfused so under 6 mths.


Additional information:
Four bones - mandible, diaphysis of tibia, canine tooth, diaphysis of MT, about 4-6 mths. Two bones noted to come from context 15 - construction layer within the cairn.


Additional information:
Deposits generally consist of layers containing scatters of stake holes, burned areas and artefacts such as nails, bone pins, iron slag and Abs. This feature contained three mandibles.


Additional information:
Phase 2 (c AD 750-1000) - contains nearly all of the structural remains identified.


Additional information:
Phase 3 (c AD 1000-1300) - commences with the abandonment of Phase 2 structures, and in many areas it comprises a thick deposit containing large amounts of AB. Numerous pits cut into earlier features and other features overlying the abandoned Phase 2 structures.


Additional information:
One bone - came from features from within or just outside the hut.


Additional information:
Cut or chop marks, articulated foot, possible skinning.


Additional information:
Mandible, evidence of advanced toothwear.


Additional information:
Est SH comparable with modern Dachshund.


Additional information:
One bone.  Due to the nature of the site, these dogs would have been pets or possibly hunting birds or fishing???


Human/animal present:
Other animals in SFB horse, cattle, sh/g, pig, red deer, fowl, other birds

Additional information:
One bone - humerus, plenty of gnawing on other bones on site.


Human/animal present:
Skull measurements from Finbar McCormick PHD


Human/animal present:
Adult female, adult male, and two young females (8 and 11 years old)

Additional information:
Dog skeleton was located on the lap of the male skeleton. Tony King has done a report on the animal bone remains.  The dog was described as old and arthritic.


Additional information:
9 bones, no contextual information given.


Additional information:
2 bones, no contextual information given.


Additional information:
Only one thoratic vertebrae survived which exhibited osteoarthritis.


Additional information:
L2034 interpreted as single backfilling deposit, which overlaid a thin occupational layer and a hearth.


Additional information:
see dog ID 1020. This dog located just inside the original doorway of the structure. All bones fused.


Additional information:
Bowed tibia - isolated find, could not be measured as incomplete.


Human/animal present:
Cattle, s/g, pig, cat, red deer, bird, fish

Additional information:
Four bones. Only dog sample from habitation debris associated with timber structure C.  Worked sheep horncore also came from this context.


Additional information:
From the core of dam of Mill 2. Mandible retrieved. The first premolar appears to have been lost ante-mortem.  The teeth displayed moderate wear, and it is probable that they came from a middle-aged, adult animal.


Additional information:
Partially complete puppy, aged to a few months old. Included mandible, upper and lower fore- and hind limb and foot.  This feature provides the only direct evidence for industial activity with the marrow extraction from ox, sh/g, and pig.


Additional information:
Humerus frag belonging to a large dog found in area A.


Additional information:
This dog was mentioned in an article by Murphy re pathology in animals. Report unpublished.


Additional information:
8 bones, bones on backyard surface deposits, indicating that the residents discarded animal corpses onto exposed areas of ground in the rear of their dwellings. This somewhat casual approach to waste management is alluded to in the botanical report.


Additional information:
Distal end of a humerus of a labrador sized dog. Rect grave pit, no human bone, just bone strain indicates a inhumation with the head to the west. No associated objects.


Additional information:
10 bones-ABG infills of the cellar deposit, major tramua to the right hand side of the body.


Additional information:
Disarticulated bones scattered over site. WH given for femur.


Additional information:
Disarticulated bones scattered over site. WH given for humerus.


Additional information:
Disarticulated bones scattered over site. ABG from 1346B (can't determine the location of this context from the report) WH from tibia.


Additional information:
Small skull - smaller than previous ones found on site, though within Harcourts AS range and not from a dog as small as the one whose very small, curved radius bone (GL 89) was found at Thetford Site 1092 - 11th century.


Additional information:
Maxilla, upper fills of SFB along with pottery, iron work, quern etc and other animal bones.


Additional information:
Partial skeleton, upper fills of SFB along with pottery, copper alloy and spindlewhorl and other animal bones.


Additional information:
Mandible P1-M3 measured 53mm "this value falls well below the size range of AS dogs documented by Harcourt (Mean 77.5mm range 71-87mm).


Additional information:
Found in upper fill of SFB along with copper alloy, slag, pottery and other animal bones.


Additional information:
Recovered from a cesspit along with the head of a male (17-25 years old) that had received trauma to the skull, possible sword wounds. Dog was believed to be fully fleshed on deposition and was dumped at the same time as the human head.


Additional information:
One bone. The lack of finds within the pits recovered on this site suggest there were not for rubbish but possibly for quarrying the natural sand and gravel in the area.


Additional information:
Skull fragments, large male animal, sexed by large sagital crest and basioccipital morphology (The and Trough 1976). Limb bones suggest it was a large and powerful animal with well-spaced teeth. Due to 30 loomweights recovered from the SFB it was believed to have been used as a weaving hut. Interesting example and possible example of a ritual or totemic purpose.


Additional information:
Seven bones belonging to the same individual. Height measured by the carpals. Trauma to the left forepaw resulting in a thicken 3rd metacarpal shaft and exostoses connecting this bone with MC2 and 4.


Additional information:
Thirty four bones from same individual. Recovered from a ditch running east to west, along with two quernstone frags and a small iron blade.


# Metrical - cranium

Additonal comments:
Missing P1 on right side - healed over as no space


Additonal comments:
back of cra broken post mortem, P1 missing and hole healed or never existed? Teeth worn.


Additonal comments:
Broken on the RHS frontal and parietal, teeth worn


Additonal comments:
Worn teeth, LHS missing altogether, large skull with strong marks


Additonal comments:
measured teeth on th right side as they were all present


Additonal comments:
P4 to M1 - very young, no wear but permanent


Additonal comments:
Sutures still evident, teeth - v little wear, only on incisors, 16 frags, some frags glued together.


Additonal comments:
or ID 300, Skull in good condition, missing some teeth - incisors R & L both 1 and 2, some remodelling in teeth, teeth wear, good sized dog, skull labelled A61, skull is lopsided dow the left side (L12 - 83.21 (RHS)),


Additonal comments:
Skull is not clean, with mandibles still intact with mud!


Additonal comments:
Loose teeth, wear on M1, canine height - 35.14mm


Additonal comments:
Thin skull with strong sagittal crest, long snout, all fused, little wear on teeth, missing incisors, canines Ps except left P2, cheek bones stick out


Additonal comments:
Teeth missing post mortem - incisors 1 and 2 on both sides, both canine, P1 on left, P1 on right side antemortem - healed hole. P2 on left and P3 on right. Some wear on teeth.


Additonal comments:
Fragmented and glued together, teeth well worn esp P4, M1 and M2.  Teeth missing post mortem on the RHS incisors 1 and 3, canine, P2 and 3. LHS - all present but hole for extra tooth betw P1 and 2 - single root


Additonal comments:
Fragmented - glued together, missing post mortem LHS - all incisors, canine and P1, RHS - canine, P1 and M2, teeth worn


Additonal comments:
Teeth missing - post mortem; rHS incisors 1 and 2, P1: on LHS incisor 2, canine and P1.  Wide palatte, light wear on teeth.


# Metrical - mandible

Additonal comments:
V Worn teeth, No P1 - no hole for it, Canine has what looks like a worn patch on the side? Photo


Additonal comments:
V worn down teeth, no m3 post mortem lost


Additonal comments:
Little wear, missing M2 and M3 and incisors


Additonal comments:
1st incisor missing, P1 and M3 missing, top of Cr broken off


Additonal comments:
or ID 300, teeth missing, prox end missing tip, no incisors, no p1, p2,m1, m3, M3 lost antemortem - cavity healed, some measurements are out as missing M3


Additonal comments:
or ID 300, teeth missing all incisors, P1 and M3


Additonal comments:
No incisors, canine, P1 or 2. No M3 lost antemortem as no hole, healed or was never there


Additonal comments:
All teeth present, chipped M1 (antemortem - abcees in gum)


Additonal comments:
Missing post mortem incisors 1 and 2, all other teeth present, worn


Additonal comments:
v little wear, teeth missing post mortem P2 and M3


Additonal comments:
V little wear, teeth missing post mortem P1 and M3


# Modern dogs - metrical cranium

Additonal comments:
L8 could not be take as it does not exist?!


Additonal comments:
large sagittal crest, left hand side teeth measured


Additonal comments:
some teeth missing making it difficult to measure, M2 missing pre-mortem and healed if there at all on the right side so left hand side measured, no real sagittal crest


Additonal comments:
Extra P1 on RHS and extr incisor on the LHS, v little wear


# Modern dogs - metrical mandible

Additional comments:
Skeleton seems immature as missing pre-molar 2 and 3


Additional comments:
missing m3 tooth, right side not measured as v similar?!


Additional comments:
two sides unfused, missing M3 - no hole for the tooth so if present healed completely, missing p1 - hole there


Additional comments:
Right side has p1 missing and hole healed, bone porous around the teeth hole on both mandibles


Additional comments:
Both mandibles were fused together, no extra teeth and all teeth present, LHS measured as it was complete


Additional comments:
LHS measured due to all teeth being present and no extra teeth, exceptional wear on the canines in inside - could this be due to a harness????


# Modern dogs - metrical postcranial

Additional information:
eburnation at the top of the sacrum, only 3 sections, to much ossification to take BFcr


Additional information:
both sides are damages so not all measurements could be taken


Additional information:
number on it looks like 66.73 - darker in colour


Additional information:
extensive eburnation on the right femoral head


Additional information:
eburnation and osteophytes around the right hip joint


Additional information:
Many of the CV have osteophyes under neath no eburnation on the facets though


Additional information:
Many of the LV have osteophyses around the body section.  BPtr - 83.24


Additional information:
Right femur and tibia not used as osteophys have disfigured the bone structure around the joint


# Modern dogs information

Additional information:
Good condition, old dog, so vertbrate have fused together


Additional information:
Partial skeleton - R Harcourt Collection 68.5 (8.5-9" at the shoulder), pathology around joints - slight ossification


Additional information:
Partial skeleton - R Harcourt Collection 67.7


Additional information:
Partial Skeleton, no skull, 9.5" at shoulder, R Harcourt Collection 68.4


Additional information:
Partial Skeleton - R Harcourt Collection 67.4 (13/14" at the shoulder)


Additional information:
Partial Skeleton - R Harcourt Collection 66.23 25.5" at the shoulder, weight 96lbs - obese


Additional information:
"Marquis of Lorne" February 1903, presented by RH Westley, Lee, Kent (D51)


# Pathology

Comment:
3 upper molars were broken ante mortem and there are associated neoplastic lesions in the maxilla.  Only right M2 lost before death.


Comment:
Eburnation of the joint surface and lapping of the distal femurs and proximal tibias, both joints affected, right more than the left.


Comment:
Eburnation and lipping around the joint surface of the left distal humerus and proximal radius


Comment:
Some exostosis on the left third and fourth metacarpal


Comment:
Lame - distal end of one radius has an abscess cavity, and shaft of the bone distorted


Comment:
No M3 erupted on the left side but present on the right


Comment:
Broken 3/4 of the way down and healed with fibula fused in, mass of bone (photographed); Crabtree describes this dog had crawled into a hole and died there, poss fracture to skull.


Comment:
Small area of bony prolification at the forward extremities of the incisive bones and this is probably a result of an infection of the outer gum between the noe and upper incisor teeth


Comment:
Left incisor 1 and 2, premolar 1 and right incisor 1 lost some time before death


Comment:
Both canines where broken and heavily worn


Comment:
Right tibia and calcaneum were markedly adnormal - result of disease or fracture


Comment:
Several pathologies present on the spine and joints but not arthritic and would have been mobile


Comment:
Greenstick fracture but died as an adult


Comment:
Healed fracture, dog would have been taller had this not occurred


Comment:
Skull healed fracture area on the face, in the area of the frontal/nasal suture, dog possibly young when this occurred, possibly caused by being struck


Comment:
5 ribs showed signs of healing fracture which had become seriously infected


Comment:
Massive trauma to the left parietal and temporal bones. Consistent with a blow from a sharp instrument, cutting the bone from just above the temporal zygomatic process and detaching an area of bone some 28x18mm in size. Detached bone not recovered but proliferation of bone around margins of the fracture shows that the animal did not die of this wound but survived long enough for some healing to occur


Comment:
Neural spines of the 6th, 7th, and 8th have ben displaced to the left. 7th has a partially healed fracture of the neural spine - poss result of a blow across the back just behind the shoulders.


Comment:
3 ribs fracture and well healed - old injury


Comment:
Infection of the right hind leg, proliferation of bone on the distal medial surface of the tibia and on the medial aspect of the calcaneus suggest infection at the site of tendon insertion


Comment:
Associated with tibia above shows signs of osteomyelitis at the distal end


Comment:
Left tibia is fused with the fibula, which has suffered fracture, and it is the development of the sbsequent frcture callus which has caused the fusion


Comment:
Signs of peridontal disease in the alveoli of the upper first and second molars


Comment:
The vertebral centra of this individual were recorded with peripheral osteophytosis caused by stress to the spinal column


Comment:
Right- broken just below the prox end and extra growth noted but the two ends have not reunited, femoral head broken and displaced by c 20mm, an area of 8x8mm on head has polish surface as does corresponding area on pelvis, which is much thickened, also the right Femur is slender at the distal end than the left


Comment:
Right, slightly shorter and more slender than the left one.


Comment:
Right, fused to tibia but not the left one


Comment:
8x10mm hole in top of the cranium caused by a blow from outside, two pieces of skull being pushed in.  A crack extends to the occiput.


Comment:
Signs of infection in the alveoli below the 1st molar, which may have been abcessed


Comment:
Fusion on the left hand side of 13th rib to corresponding vertebrae


Comment:
Degenerative changes on one half of its prox. Art. Surface. Affected area had an irregular, rough appearance. Macropit present at its posterior aspect. Possible path changes due to septic arthritis, since lesions were localised and none of the other joint surfaces of the bone had been affected.


Comment:
Fused to TIB at dis end. No degenerative changes were assoc. with the art. Surfaces, which would have indicated that the fusion was secondary to a traumatic incident.  Therefore considered probable that the fusion was long-standing and had occurred during the development of the dog in utero.


Comment:
Whole for P1 tooth is healed over on right hand side


Comment:
Lesions on both nasal and maxillae bones


Comment:
Rehealed rib fracture. The rib had extra bone growth just behind the epiphysis.


Comment:
Extra bony growth around the articular surface, possibly due to arthritic conditions


Comment:
Severely distorted, shaft was probably reduced, and was bent backwards and sideways at the proximal end.  The bone of the proximal epiphysis seemed slightly porous.


Comment:
Worn patch on the canine RHS in the mandible? Photos


Comment:
Both - slight lateral bulge of the shaft with depression of 3.1mm deep, 9mm long (proxi-distally) and 3mm wide. Located third from prox end on lateral edge of the plantar surfaces on both L and R sides. Probably related to the attachment of the interosseous ligament joining the rad and ulna fits closely into the depression and the depression falls on the line of attachment of this ligament. Cause of lesions in unknown, but their bilateral nature and close symmetry suggest a benign defect related to ligament attachments in this region.


Comment:
Small and rather bowed shaft.  Bone was strangely curved and animal could not have carried itself normally.


Comment:
Small and rather bowed, only distal frag remaining


Comment:
Broken in half and healed out of alignment with additional bone growth, leg would have been foreshortened and swollen.


Comment:
the reduced (worn down) enamel crowns in the upper and lower cheekteeth, resulting in the exposure of the dentine, and ante-mortem loss of the left canine tooth (with complete closure of the alveolus) indicate this animal was of advanced age at time of death


Comment:
mandibular carnassial is very worn on the buccal side suggesting a malocclusion with the corresponding maxillary tooth.  This could be due to damage to the upper tooth, or by abnormality in conformation whereby the upper dentition overlapped the lower teeth


Comment:
Left P1 missing, with alveolus filling so tooth had been lost before death. Dog had congenital anomaly of a supernumeracy caudal right molar tooth


Comment:
Tooth crowding, crowding index low due to gap between PM2 and PM4, all teeth erupted.


Comment:
Abnormal degree of cranio-caudral curvature


Comment:
RHS - Healed fracture at midshaft with dis end at 45 degree angle and shaft is thickened with deltoid tuberosity being over developed, perhaps to compensate for the injury


Comment:
RHS - fractured just below midshaft, unfort proximal end of bone is missing.


Comment:
RHS - slightly bony spur on the posterior side above halfway down the shaft


Comment:
Set of MC bones had extra bone growth on the proximal end


Comment:
Vertebral spine bent over may mean that dog was beaten


Comment:
Thickened shaft and exostoses connecting bone to MC2 and 4.


# Site information

Additional comments:
High status cemetery - hanging bowls, whetstone-sceptre, forty one inhumations - 2 certainly 6th C warriors; nearly 2,000 burials made during the Pagan period. Eagles (1989, 211) suggested that Loveden Hill cremation cemetery may have served distinct Anglian territories.


Additional comments:
Bones from the site were in a generally excellent state of preservation.  Faunal assemblage made up of c 180,000 fragments (one of the largest analysed in Britain).  Dog gnawing was frequently noted on the faunal assemblage.


Additional comments:
castle built during the early Norman conquest and used until 1840s.  High status including Swan bones.


Additional comments:
Site believed to be graves of criminals.


Additional comments:
Overall the results indicate that household debris was not the largest element.  Residues from slaughter and primary butchery and from two different industrial processes are respesented.


Additional comments:
Site lay within the area of the Roman legionary fortress occupied by the barracks of the First Cohort.  No contexts for the bones.


Additional comments:
This street was an important thoroughfare in the Roman legionary fortress because it formed one of the main access routes between the southern and the northern parts of the enclosed area.


Additional comments:
During the Roman period the site lay in the latera praetorii of the legionary fortress.


Additional comments:
During the Roman period this site lay within a large compound bounded to the east and west by a sandstone wall of some height.


Additional comments:
This site consisted of three stripes, one contained the fortress rampart, the central formed the Roman a series of road surfaces, and the third stripe was occupied by the noern ends of the three barracks.  Antler bones found, some had shed naturally and may have been collected from the forest, but some had been chopped from the skull so carcasses were being brought to the site.  No butchery marks on any of the dog or horse bones.


Additional comments:
Human remains have been retrieved in association with pottery wasters.


Additional comments:
? Preservation of the bone from the Saxon ditches was, in general, good, with little evidence of canid gnawing, thus suggesting primary deposition.  No dog remains where located outside the enclosure ditch.


Additional comments:
Viking Barrow Cemetery - the only known Scandinavian cremation cemetery.


Additional comments:
No settlement structures were recorded in this excavation but the pits contained domestic debris


Additional comments:
AB rep - interpretation on dogs, no metrical etc.


Additional comments:
Iron smelting and smithing site, industrial structures consisted of bowl furnaces and associated features of at least 3 phases, inc. a timber-framed shelter. Good preservation of site.  Evidence hints at patronage by an important royal estate.


Additional comments:
Well excavated AB from sites at Hamwic Six Dials (SOU 23, 24, 26, 30, 31,169, and 258).  Total area of 4500m2 - good variety of context types and well stratified.  Dog bones random chance.  AB had been heavily chewed by dogs.


Additional comments:
No sieving carried out, probably with under-represention of smaller mammals.


Additional comments:
Consists of three pits, no evidence of chewing.


Additional comments:
NE corner of medieval town, outside area enclosed by the ditch but within 14th C wall, two trenches (1 and 3).


Additional comments:
South of town, not far from St Marys Church, two wells.  F25 - whole red deer skeleton (young).  Two dogs from site, both are marked departure from normal medium-sized mongrel type that seemed univeral from Hamwic.


Additional comments:
South of penisula; infilling of ditch was quick.


Additional comments:
Excavated between 1974 and 1979, part of the Winchester Western Suburbs project.  Gnawing mentioned on bones.  This site had largest collection of bones studied.  Late Saxon and early medieval - some evidence of animal breeding.  Horses eaten in phases 10, 11, and 13.
See Winchester Western Suburbs comments Word file.
Site code SXS 76 - 79.


Additional comments:
Bone from this site noted to have gone through the gut of a dog, experimental work by Baz. Site code CT 74-77.


Additional comments:
Important medieval collection, deserted medieval village of Hatch Warren.  Phase L (mid 11th -12th) = the settlement was unenclosed and concentrated outside and to the south-west of the outer enclosure (EES).


Additional comments:
The castle was constructed L 11th C by a Norman family.


Additional comments:
Animal bones mainly from pits, site adjacent to SOU 32.


Additional comments:
Industrial bone waste - non-household refuse.


Additional comments:
More domestic rubbish.  The overall gnawing level from the site suggests that dogs may have been more common than the no of dog bones found.  This implies that dog corpese were not generall disposed of in pits like the cat corpses.


Site name:
Winchester: Northern Suburbs, Victoria Road


Site name:
Winchester: Eastern Suburbs, Chester Road


Additional comments:
Although only two dogs identified in the AB record, there is a high proportion of bones that have been chewed, 38% of the small sample from period 1 (10-11th C).


Additional comments:
Only one dog, there is still high incidence of dog chewing, 23% for phase 1 (12-14th C).


Additional comments:
AB come from the de Redvers family occupation of the castle (1100-1293). AB come from kitchen waste, although not the diet expected of a high status site - interpreted as provisioning a garrison rather than providing a 'court' diet for the Lord of the Castle.


Additional comments:
A late Saxon complex of timber buildings with an associated watermill.  E 12th the complex replaced by manor/manorial holding.

Problem with no context information or MNI so v difficult to enter into database.  Measurements at the back but not context information.


Additional comments:
AB from main site 1022 on the west side of Mill Lane.


Additional comments:
Castle Mall occupied the south bailey of Norwich Castle.


Additional comments:
Abbey precinct, data available off ADS, high incidence of gnawing with 99% believed to be from canids.


Additional comments:
Animal bone report is very vague of detail, not contextual information.  Although this phase was prolific in terms of quantity of bone and diversity of species identified, though only 168 frags could be identified from 1324.  65.22% of bones gnawed by dogs.


Additional comments:
Western part of city and near the defences. Lack of deer and game birds throughout the sequence is indicative of the poverty of the occupants; hunting and hawking were the prerogative of the wealthier classes.


Additional comments:
see site ID 64, a fairly full skull was obtained but period not given, measurements given but not specified to specimens:
Hum GL=191, MidS=14, est SH 650mm
Ulna GL=185, MidS=10, est SH 500mm
Fem GL=141, MidS=10, est SH 430mm
Fem GL=172, MidS=12, est SH 520mm
Fem GL=173, MidS=11, est SH 520mm


Additional comments:
Site lay within the line of the postulated late saxon defences north of the river, close to St Peters church, a Domesday foundation. Wild birds were found in the early medieval period such as mallard, pheasant and partridge and even a buzzard which suggests that hunting may have been practiced.


Additional comments:
IA pit, late Saxon V shaped ditch approx. 5m wide and 2m deep which is thought to be part of the defences north of the River Ouse.  Evidence of some carnivore gnawing.  Wild birds were found such as mallard, pheasant and partridge and even a buzzard which suggests that hunting may have been practiced.


Additional comments:
This site showed evidence of occupation within the defensive circuit north of the river but occupation of the site did not begin until the early 11th C.


Additional comments:
94,289 animal bones were excavated, 1% from IA and R, 57% AS phases and 42% from med.  Gnawing was fairly equally distributed, most gnawed specimens show blunt pitting and widely spaced tooth marks typical of dogs.


Additional comments:
Over 3007 bones from this sites features, low no's of bones in the early phases suggest that there was no concerted rubbish dumping on the river sites until 11th or 12th C.


Additional comments:
Unfort soil was not sieved, so many small bones will have been missed.  Only the area nearest to the main buildings was exc so it is likely that the majority of the material found is th remains of food for the wealthier residents of Faccombe.


Additional comments:
AB assemblage was highly fragmented, with most bones from the 10/11th C.


Additional comments:
AB analysed only from pits from this site and it is assumed to represent domestic refuse.


Additional comments:
Site dated by medieval (12-13th C) pottery sherds, ditch 36 was probably a drainage or property boundary.


Additional comments:
AB from perpiheral area of the LS town and associated with occupation and industrial activity mainly of the 11th C. Includes Site 1092.


Additional comments:
Site by chalk area, but RB and Anglian bones were from calcareous colluvium and a relatively high watertable so bone are in fairly good condition.  17% of the bones had been chewed.


Additional comments:
A AS (AD 500-650) cemetery excavated 150m away from this site.  7% of bones had been gnawed.


Additional comments:
No NISP or MNI given for the site just dots for burial locations and bones identified.  Although he does comment that dog bons consisted of isolated jaws or limb bones, which suggests deliberate burial of animals within the castle complex or nearby. % of dog bones for each period was constant and suggests a stable population of hunting dogs thoughout the period of occupation.  Gnawing also noted occationally.


Additional comments:
Main quantity of AB is from the 10th-11th C, site report includes site 1092 which is also mentioned in the Thetford: Barnabos Hospital site.


Additional comments:
Site is south of the tiver and was  largely abandoned after 12th C, only general comment in AB rep - wide variability in size, with some very small but also a large dog found as a partial skeleton.


Additional comments:
AS site situated in south area of RB settlement, scattered SFBs, pits, hollows and hearths, no post built structures.


Additional comments:
Food producing site for the nearby monestry, lay within the confines of the RB boundary marks.  Mid Saxon (10% canid gnawing), L Saxon (19.2% canid gnawing) and 12th C (18.2% canid gnawing), no butchery or skinning marks. All dogs from the AS/med period fall into Harcourts AS range. LS range 45.5cm-59.3cm whilst 12th C dogs were slightly smaller, ranging from 44.4cm-57.9cm.


Site name:
London: 71-77 Leadenhall St, 32-40 Mitre St

Additional comments:
LEA84, site A, animal bones from pit/well with Saxo-Norman graveyard c 1000-c1100, dog may have been from a well but no lining and fills were undiagnostic. This deposit represents a mixture of deliberate dumping of waste from consumption of beef and pork, chance casulties due to the action of the open feature as a 'pit-fall' trap and deliberate disposal of non-dietary remains.


Additional comments:
ABs from Open Area 6 which consisted of concentration of pits and wells dated to the late 11th to 12th C.


Additional comments:
PEA87, trading settlement of Lundenwic - described as a 'consumer' site.


Additional comments:
Unsieved bone assemblage, 22,960 AB from Saxon contexts and 6998 AB from the medieval contexts.  Large no. of Saxon bones gnawed, teeth marks indicate dogs or foxes.  It is suggested that in indication that dogs were not necessarily scarce at the site, but that they were not buried amongst the normal domestic refuse, at least not in this part of the site.  No dogs found in the early period on this site.


Additional comments:
Scavenging of rubbish, with the consequent dragging of bones to undisturbed places, is reflected by the dismembered skeletons of dogs and cats, of which only a few bones were found of each individual. None of the dog bones could be measured.


Additional comments:
Priory Barn was the only surviving building of the Augustinian Priory of St Peter and Paul (founded 1158) of Taunton Castle.


Additional comments:
L 11th C castle mound, underlying sequence of substantial aristocratic houses and their associated fortifications dating back to the middle of the ninth century.


Additional comments:
All the animal bones came from rubbish pits, the pits were assumed to be refuse, probably from domestic contexts.  Many of the bones were gnawed by dogs, suggesting that more dogs were kept or allowed to scavange around the site than are indicated by the number of dog bones.


Additional comments:
Bone assemblage recovered from the eas gardenrobe, courtyard, Solar Towerand North range.  A no. of hare bones from several individuals were recovered from the infill of the Solar Tower.  The evidence suggests that the Bishop or his representive were hunting game. Dog bones at the Mount House were not measureable, the proximity of the bishop's park would suggest that the dogs might have been kept for hunting deer, as well as pets and guard dogs.


Additional comments:
Measurements taken but contexts not provided:
Saxon (Hum, GL= 160mm)
Saxo-Norman (MC, GL=56mm), (PH1=32mm)
General comments are that the dogs were of small size (spaniel size)


Additional comments:
A more detailed AB report available in archive.


Additional comments:
Approx. 1500 frags from the cemetery site with 250 from grave fills.


Additional comments:
Site was possibly used where imported goods were off-loaded.


Additional comments:
Pre-1300 was the pre-dating the major building work in the bailey c 1300, excavations to west end of the bailey, along the north range of domestic buildings and their adjacent defences.


Additional comments:
One earth-fast posthole building and two other structures associated with sunken-featured buildings/Grubenhauser, both with probable suspended floors, together with a small number of pits, two other possible structures and a later ditch.


Additional comments:
AB report doesn't specify which site bones are from.


Additional comments:
The Clarendon hotel wine-cellar is a 12th C and med vaulted structure, unfort cellars excavated out v quickly due to building work.


Additional comments:
E - M Saxon settlement with assoc fields or enclosures. Dog gnawing was well represented with 125 frags from E Saxon and 111 frags from M Saxon deposits.


Additional comments:
Baile Hill, one of two castles put up by William the Conqueror at York by 1069.


Additional comments:
Both roe and red deer were present, the nobility owned hunting dogs, for hunting on their estates, ordinary citizens may have had access to hunting in a less sophisticated style on common land.


Additional comments:
Site just off St Peter's Walk, Trench 13 cellared building built 10th C buildings still in use, before eventual destruction of two of them in a conflagration around AD 1000, the remaining building were abandoned soon after.


Additional comments:
Excavation of a ditch and a few pits.  There was a high frequency of gnawing on the bones prior to deposition.


Additional comments:
Excavation only provided evidence for settlement from 12th C -.  AB report on MF, general comment "dogs mostly represented by isolated teeth. Some canids very large suggesting the presence of possible Alsation-type working dogs."


Additional comments:
Large no. of pig bones for the 10th-11th C possibly kept in tenements.  Generally low status food debris.


Additional comments:
Excavations in the inner bailey of the castle.


Additional comments:
Excavation lies half way between the site of the medieval South Gate and Folly Bridge.


Additional comments:
A late Saxon pit was found on the line of the street.  The dog bones were from pit B4. Many bones had been gnawed, believed to be from dogs.


Additional comments:
IA, through to RB features and 12-13th C timber structures and rubbish pits.


Additional comments:
Early Saxon ditched enclosures sealed by a dumped silt horizon which may relate to the creation of agricultural plots.


Additional comments:
Settlement started L 12th C and stone buildings were put up close to a natural spring in the 1st half of the 13th C.  Dog bone from site A (early grange). Gnawing noted on bones.


Additional comments:
A small early Saxon settlement and a series of late Saxon linear features.  Small assemblage is typical of a normal, domestic Saxon site.  Richer sites often have higher proportions of pig and cattle, and game animals such as deer and rabbit.


Additional comments:
Evidence of bone rich coproites represent droppings of dogs and/or pigs scavenging on the deposits dumped along the waterfront from period III (11th C).


Animal bone location:
Mus of Arch, Cambridge; London Mus; Kingston Mus

Additional comments:
AS cemetery on sandy gravel, on the right, or northern, bank of the river Wandle.  C. 230 graves and it is thought that the same no. again were destroyed without record in the 19th C.  Dog found on site B, known as "Deadman's Close".


Additional comments:
Weaving hut rather than a dwelling, due to the loom weights.  Many of the bones showed signs of gnawing.


Additional comments:
10th C enclosure, two buildings and associated pits.


Additional comments:
Slight evidence for the use of the dog as a food animal.  A frag of the right mandible  of a dog recovered from the L Saxon/Med layer had several knife marks on the bone on the outside just below the 1st molar.  Many bones had been gnawed by dogs from all periods.


Additional comments:
26 burials excavated, north of the Lower Farm. Burials all aligned roughly N-S, with the head to the south.


Additional comments:
Multi-period site, RB presence, probable Saxon cemetery and 10-12th C urban occupation.


Additional comments:
Settlement established adjacent to the castle.  The village was enclosed by a defensive ditch and probable bank. A few timber buildings, mainly supported on earthfast posts, were excavated along wwith malting kiln, cess pits and other features.


Additional comments:
Castle first built around 1100, there was steady growth till 1360 in the castles buildings under the Warenne family, Earls of Surrey.  Timber castle replaced with stone buildings probably 13th C.


Additional comments:
North site of Covent Garden in what would have been the heart of Lundenwic.


Additional comments:
Cogges Priory was founded shortly before 1103 as a daughter house of Fecamp Abbey.


Additional comments:
Little occupation before the 10th C, late 9th C  Northampton was taken over by invading Scandinavian armies and became part of the Danelaw. Area both industry and habitation.  Dog gnawing was only evident on approx. 8%, nearly one third of horse bones were gnawed, suggesting that either the bones (poss with meat on) were given to dogs or that they were not disposed of immediately. Dog poss being buried not with the general rubbish.


Additional comments:
Consistent evidence of gnawing, settlement started v late 7th - E 8th C and the mid 9th C (Period 3).  Period 4 - evidence for re-occupation of the site consisting of reuse pits and structures.


Additional comments:
The cask-lined well the dog was located from south of the site.


Site name:
Tatberht's Lundenwic: Lyceum Theatre, Exeter St

Additional comments:
Dog stool noted in soil sample from pit 5, pits layout in a linear arrangement. Lack of gnawing from dogs suggests a primary burial context for many of the bones.


Site name:
Tatberht's Lundenwic: 21-24 Maiden Lane and 6-7 Exchange Court

Additional comments:
Postholes on site could either be interpreted as a building or an enclosed area, such as a stockade, although daub was found in some postholes.


Site name:
Tatberht's Lundenwic: National Portrait Gallery

Additional comments:
No table with bone count for the site but cow, s/g, pig, horse, red and roe deer, and cat. Goose and fowl present.


Additional comments:
AB from either Gas Lane or Rosemary Lane Car Park.  No contextual locations provided, although under the late Saxon period is only ref to LS pits pits plus 2 wells.  Dogs were well represented in the Roman times, but bone count declined in the LS period.


Additional comments:
Saxon occupation was sparse until 11th C.  However, during LS/EN a cobbled street was laid across the area.  Associated with the street and probably dating to the EN period was timber structure, a furnace and poss remenants of floor.  Layers and features probably cnnected with domestic occupation along the intramural lane (which appears to have consisted of a succession of cobbled surfaces and associated refuse pits.


Additional comments:
Dog from structure S7 in area MI (rear garden of 16 Watling St).  Structure cut through 40cm of flint, mortar and roof tile rubble inside R masonry building R11, 3.20m wide and six postholes within the hollow, floor was original R tesserae.


Additional comments:
Rural settlement that was occupied from 6th/7th C through to mid-9th C.


Additional comments:
Malmsbury founded a burgh by Alfred the Great in the L 9th C.


Additional comments:
The castle is first recorded in 1071, the castle was inserted into the western end of the late Saxon town and it made use of the river in its defences.


Additional comments:
Excavations in the monastic area.  Kestrel bone found in the pre-conquest levels - distal half of a right femur adult.  Mr Bramwell "an interesting discovery as this bird may have been used in falconry: it is unlikely to have found its way into domestic rubbish if it had been a free, wild bird."  Dating of the layers are very general.


Additional comments:
AS hut discovered in a Roman work, midden on the floorwas full of broken bones and potsherds, with a few scattered objects of everyday use found chiefly near the walls.


Additional comments:
Beverley Minster located at the southern edge of the medieval town.


Additional comments:
Saxon farmstead and cemetery, bone assemblage not large, reflect mixed economy.  Horse bones are infrequent and they may have been use to feed dogs after their working life was over.  Evidence for dogs suggets the presence of collie sized animals.


Additional comments:
Ste was 36m2 and lay between the med house and the modern buildings along the street.


Additional comments:
Majority of AS artefacts derive from Grubenhaus fills. 65% of the huts contained few than 20 fragments. No details given on the dog boens recovered.  Few bird bones recovered.


Additional comments:
Site part of the Whittlewood project which is design to explain the origin and survival of contrasting patterns of nucleated villages and of dispersed settlements.  Near complete skeleton uncovered from test pit. Info on ads.ahds.ac.uk website - digital archive.


Additional comments:
Excavation at Bantham Ham in 2001 examined occupation which yielded radiocarbon dates centring on the late 5th and early 6th centuries. Despite the limited area of exposure, a major and unusually well-preserved assemblage of post-Roman Mediterranean amphorae was recovered. Study of well-preserved bone, shell, charcoal and charred plant macrofossils allows consideration of aspects of the economy and environment of the site. Gnawing marks on 4% of the post cranial bones in the assemblage.


Additional comments:
Bones measured at NHM - box reference ARC 1972 5072.


Additional comments:
ABs analysed from a number of middens from the site of the Casle of Rayleigh "among other deposits uncovered were extensive middens, containing large nmbers of oyster-shells, many bones of Vertebrates and great quantities of rubbish."


Additional comments:
Hamwih for some 150 years was the centre of economic activity for south coast of England. 23 dog bones in total from 8 features.


Additional comments:
Only one dog bone from one pit within the time span.  Evidence of hawking/falconry during the medieval period with 3 sparrow hawks excavated.


Additional comments:
Only approx 10% of the bone assemblage was selected by choosing major features across the whole site. Although only 3 bones, over 2.4% of the bones were gnawed by dog. Email SHD re whether measurements were taken of the jaws and skull from Southampton.


Additional comments:
Roman Port. Period XB (AD 390 onwards) concerns the occpation of the trampled floor level of building 2 which was rich in pottery.


Site name:
Southampton Castle: Upper Bugle St SOU 123


Site name:
Southampton: 66-68 Mary Street (SOU 1333)

Additional comments:
Middle Saxon and medieval features on site.


Additional comments:
The site when excavated showed evidence of late BA, IA and Belgic occupations as well as 2nd C temple-mausoleum, 4th C shrine, R cremation and inhumation cemetries. Holmes and Reilly (1994) comment that the large amount of gnawed meat bones found indicates that dog bones are under-represented in each period at Bancroft.


Additional comments:
Excs showed that site was first occupied in 9th C with E Saxon activity nearby. L9th - 3 timber buildings and several ditches, gullies, rubbish pits and quarry.


Additional comments:
The med village contained houses and crofts around an almost rectangular green, aligned nE to SW. Earliest evidence from 6-7th C from ditch.


Additional comments:
Holmes (1993) notes that generally dog no.s were relatively small.


Additional comments:
Knights Templar preceptory, includes hall, barns, chapel, kitchen ranges, gatehouses, trackways and a watermill. Tightly phased in several phases of construction betw L12th-E14th C when site was abandoned.


Additional comments:
Mentioned in Domesday as held by Queen Edith. AS settlement - maybe of some importance, later in 12th C market town. SHD comments that some of the small unident frag. Had gone through the gut of a dog. It seems likely that dogs were quite common in the settlement. Bourdillon noted that Kodelka's factors for est sh had a wider range than Harcourt factors.


Additional comments:
Ssingle enclosure, a sequence of early 13th C timber buildings to structures with stone foundations or completely stone built in L13th to 14th C.


Additional comments:
Site lies in the NE corner of the parish of Walton, 4km from Bletchley and 3km east of Milton Keynes. High levels of dog gnawing on the animal bones with between 20-30%.  This indicates that refuse may have been exposed on the surface for periods prior to incorporation into the deposits.


Additional comments:
Site lies near the NE corner of Romney Marsh and is overlooked by the ruins of the Saxon Shore fort of Lympne.


Additional comments:
Deserted medieval village. A long house of the 13-14th century with assoicated buildings.  Notable features include a stair pit to an upper room, cess pit and an infant burial.


Additional comments:
In 1279 the manor is recorded as having 311.75 acres of arable land, 30 acres of meadow and 30 acres of pasture. Chalgrove was divided into 2 manors during the 13th C and this led to the creation of 2 separate manorial centres.


Additional comments:
Site of salt production. Structures from Phase 11 (12-14th C) - one assoc. with buning, a pebble surface, layers and various cut features.


Additional comments:
see site ID 192 re: salt industry in Droitwich and importance. The Saxon Charter evidence suggests that the Upwich brine springs were a resource exploited during the Anglo-Saxon period, imp factor in the development of Droitwich and the emergence of the urban character.


Additional comments:
Site is the location of RB rural establishment from 2nd to 5th C. Bone retrival was very good with over 12,500 bones recovered. AB report concentrates on economy so nothing on the dogs except MNI of 34 for phases 9 & 10.


Additional comments:
Large AB collection (5366 frag identified), no table with NISP or MNI, just species present. E AS period, cattle most prominent, with sh/g then pig.


Additional comments:
The settlement was in existance from 8/9th C. AB were v fragmentry, only 200 could be identified - all from ditch adj to settlement. Apart from the 8 dog bones there was signs of dog present on site from dog gnawing on cattle and sheep bones.


Additional comments:
The site would have been in the Saxon times been a tidal estuary.  The land on which Erringham stands would have been a downland spur which would have been a promontory into the estuary. AB were fragmentary.


Additional comments:
Seacourt lies on the lower slopes of Wytham Hill and look eastward across the Thames to Oxford.  AB from L12-L13th mostly represented food refuse.


Additional comments:
This site offers a good opportunity due to little work carried out on AB from N of England med rural settlements.  This has been due to poor preservation of AB.  AB rep difficult to determine date of features with dogs present.


Additional comments:
The crannog was situated near the eastern end of the former lake and as at its greatest depth 3m thick. Consisted of heavy layers of brushwood and peat interspersed with timber and smaller layers of clay and sand as well as wheat straw. All measurements are from Harcourt, no long bone measurements. Stelfox describes the dog remains as resembling sheep dog, large terriers, spaniels and "lap dogs" which would suggest small dogs were present. V few fish bones or hunted animals so not part of economy but just for pleasure. Possible dog collar - although described as slave collars? See Scott (1978)


Additional comments:
Harcourt obtained info via pers comm from Addyman.


Additional comments:
Harcourt references article but wrong reference as does not exist.


Additional comments:
Site is an oval enclosure (140m x 100m)  located on the western edge of a former lake.  Evidence of dog gnawing.This is one of the largest AB collections for Munster but unfortunately AB are poorly preserved and fragmented.


Additional comments:
Bivallate ringfort, one of 30 on the Maree peninsula. AB suggest a self sufficient farming economy, with certain degree of opportunism eg shellfish, birds etc during lean months.


Additional comments:
The ringfort was oval enclosure (25m x 36m) with a low bank.  Due to poor preservation, it appears that AB teeth were one of the few bone elements to be preserved.  Many Abs recovered from the topsoil contexts which indicates that there has been much disturbance on the site.


Additional comments:
Due to adverse soil conditions the AB were in v poor condition, wet and soft.  The largest AB sample came from the ditch on site 3, with the absence of turf lines in the stratigraphy in the ditch fill suggests that it became backfilled over a v short period of time.


Additional comments:
Site part of an E 13th wooden quayside. AB collection of 1300 mammal bones found in layers 11 and 13 do not represent gradual accumulation of refuse from one domestic source but the deliberate infilling of a disused quayside during the M13th-L13th C.  The AB includes dom. And industrial material probably from several different sources.


Additional comments:
Three occupational phases from narrow ditch; to ringfort and then third and finally a v large enclosure containing a cemetery of lintel graves and two souterrain. Small sample of AB, v poor condition. Dog only found in Phase 3. Cat bones more frequent in other phases.


Additional comments:
Large ecclesiastical enclosure including pits, ditches and a lintel grave. Relatively small AB assemblage from 6 distinct contexts. Relatively high incidence of red deer and not just antler so obviously vension was being consumed.


Additional comments:
Ditch used for debris from EC metal workshop.  Originally it was 6.4m wide and v-shaped in section.  Although the evidence isn't definitive it is suggested that the ditch enclosed an area 50m in diameter with its centre to the S of the present cathedral.


Additional comments:
Site is positioned on cliff top with the level and fertile area forming the immediate hinterland. The area is well drained compared to surrounding area.  Main domesticates present, with sheep eaten as mutton, as well as for wool. Red deer present as well as fish bones, although probably impossible to beach boats nr the headland itself.


Additional comments:
Site B was dump deposits on the bank of the river Poddle.


Additional comments:
Site C consists of deposits which have been dumped in the river Poddle.


Additional comments:
Mound excavated to comprise a large raised rath of E Christian period on which a small Anglo-Norman motte has been built.


Additional comments:
The island lies near the tip of the Iveragh peninsula and the strait between Valencia Island and Doulus Head. Animal and fish bones from House 1 primary deposits - ox, sheep, pig, cat and dog. Cormorant, gannet and red-throated diver. Fish - Ballan wrasse.


Additional comments:
Fort consisted of 3 limestone walls without ditches, but the two outer enclosures were mere kraals for cattle. One or two huts in this outer space must have been for herdsmen. Animals present - Ox, sh/g, pig, horse, red deer, fox, dog, cat, marten, badger, hare.


Additional comments:
A coastal cashel, with internal houses, located on the shore of Dingle Bay. The poverty of the finds suggests the poverty of the inhabitants. AB assemblage included ox, sh/g, pig, red deer, grey seal, horse, dog, badger, heron, duck, goose, cormorant, puffin, razorbill?


Additional comments:
A roughly circular area, varying from 40-45m in diameter. It was encircled by the bank with outer fosse.  Fosse appears to have been used as rubbish dump and produced large quantities of AB (mostly unburnt) and charcoal.


Additional comments:
Early Monastic settlement - church, cemetery and approx. 10 houses.


Additional comments:
A single bank and ditch enclosure with 2 souterrains. Dog found in souterrain 1 - which had been totally backfilled with rubble.


Additional comments:
Single bank and ditch ringfort - typical inhabited ringfort with a mixed livestock. Unfortunately not possible to identify the plan of any house or structure within the ringfort.


Additional comments:
A large trivallate ringfort, situated in an area richly endowed with ringforts, a factor almost certainly related to the good soil.  ABs showed evidence of carnivore gnawing.  Dog bones only recovered from the ditch (which had the largest and most varied collection of ABs from the site).


Additional comments:
Castle constructed between 1235 and 1241 by Meyler de Bermingham. ABs coming from the pre-construction backfill deposits contained dog bones within this studies timeframe.


Additional comments:
Souterrain orienated E-W with the entrance on the eastern side, almost 7m in total length.


Additional comments:
Ditch aound the Navan Fort. Exc to date the ditch, fort monument dated by dendro to 95 BC. Ditch dated to the IA.


Additional comments:
One of 2 crannogs situated on a small island in Ballinderry Lough. Wild mammals and wild birds were in such small numbers as to indicate that hunting and fowling were of little economic importance.  Small no. of fish bones indication that there was not in any sense a fishing culture.


Additional comments:
Nine AS buildings sited on a chalk ridge. Buildings 7-9 are single huts belonging to two or three separate farmsteads. Buildings 1-6 represent a complete farmstead site with its ritual site, Cemetery 2.


Additional comments:
Only part of the AB assemblage was analysed due to costs and that other sites have been well documented in the area. AB report direct from Jessica Grimm.


Additional comments:
AB report direct from Jessica Grimm. Bones from series of pits and ditches dated to Saxon/E Med. Dog gnawing evidence on material from Saxon pit 1268, indicating that bones were accessible by dogs before their final deposition in the pit.


Additional comments:
Dog and cat bones are described as representing animals that lived in and around the college whose remains were deposited with the general refuse. Lack of gnawing on bones indicates that the assemblage was quickly buried or covered after deposition and was not accessible to scavengers.


Additional comments:
Site lays within the medieval walled town of Dublin (c 1100).  AB reported on from Trench 1 and 2, both dating to the 13th C.


Additional comments:
Site is the locatio of the Isolde's Tower, part of the mural defences of medieval Dublin, which projected over the River Liffey. Abs all come from silt layer (F63) of the River Poddle.


Additional comments:
Consisted of four large sample from dumping layers outside the town wall located to the west of St Peter's Church. The food and other debris that was dumped may represent material brought from more than one source. There is evidence however to suggest that the ditch was filled with material freshly dumped from nearby sources rather than representing the translocation of old midden material from elsewhere. Bones with their unfused epiphyses still in situ were frequently noted indicating that material was dumped in a 'fresh' state.


Additional comments:
A large quantity of bone was retrieved during the excavation of the house plots. Many of the contexts were examined separately but the bones were divided into four groups for the overall study. Group 1 (m11th-e12th C); Group 2 (e12th-M12th C); Group 3 (M12th-E13th C) and Group 4 (13th C).


Additional comments:
These animal bones were from an earlier excavation by Michael Moore.


Additional comments:
Described as Viking warrior burials of at least four male burials. Evidence of continued habitation for over hundred years. Graves were formal as they were accompanied by military and personal grave goods. Oxygen isotope analysis on the warriors, two from Scandinavia and 2 from Scotlands western isles or Northern Isle eg Orkney.


Additional comments:
Small Crannog, nr shore of Lough Gara. Not high status or Royal site. RC dating places the rectangular house (phase 2) at L 8th-10th C. 2 further phases (3 and 4) both falling in to the same date range as phase 2.


Other dog related items:
Dog coprolite - one containing sheep phalanx.

Additional comments:
High status Crannog - largest EC rural AB assemblage since the excavations at Lagore and Ballinderry. Most of the bones came from former lake muds outside the palisade and the food refuse was disposed of by throwing it into the lake.  No dog bones recovered from inside the crannog. Frequent signs of dog gnawing on the bones.


Additional comments:
Earthworks dating from IA and EC periods. Hillfort consists f trapezoidal earthern bank with an external U-shaped ditch. ABs all came from the ring ditch and the ditch of subsequent ringfort.


Additional comments:
Three phases, urban settlement developed around the monastery. Evidence of dog gnawing is prevalent. Measurements also in additional section. See Soderberg (2003) for analysis on results.


Additional comments:
Series of middens and hut sites set amongst the sand dunes of Doonloughan and False Bays to the West of the village of Ballyconneely, Co. Galway. Two sites examined only Site 11 contained dog - small subcircular hut demarcated by stones and boulders with a central hearth and two portal stones. No evidence of deep water fishing.


Additional comments:
Excavation in a large area of Viking Dublin.  Bones in good condition due to waterlogged conditions. 10% of dog bones displayed signs of butchery. Chronicum Scotorum notes that the Irish were reduced to Cannibalism and the eating of dogs during the famine of AD 1112 (Hennessy 1866, 319).


Site name:
Dublin: Fishamble Street (Between banks & walls)

Additional comments:
Scandinavia Dublin originally protected by a series of mud banks built during the 10th-E 11th C. In E 12th C a stone wall was built parallel to and immediately north of the mud banks. The area between the to quickly filled up with dump material during the first decades of the 12th C.


Additional comments:
Univallate Stone fort on the island of Inis Mor that may have begun as early as the L 8th C but the main occupation was between 10th - E 11th C. Evidence of dog gnawing on ABs.


Additional comments:
Large univallate ringfort. Two EM phase identified - Ph 2 construction and primary occupation of ringfort; Ph 3 - continuted occupation and reinforcement of parts of the bank.  No fish bones recovered even though the close proximity of the site to the coast.


Additional comments:
Island monastery off the west coast of Ireland. Site occupies the entire island.  Given the small size of the island the domesticates must have been imported from the mainland or nearby larger island Valencia.  Food refuse and midden material was present in several areas, including in and around the sod huts and the oratory.


Additional comments:
Two superimposed large plough-truncated enclosures, both about 60m in diameter. Two separate burial grounds were also identified. AB came from ditch fills from phase 1 and 2 enclosures.


Additional comments:
Large mound that covered 2 Neolithic passage tombs remained bearly touched from 4th millenium BC to 7th C AD. In 7th-8th C AD "Ringfort" -  a double ditched enclosure was created when 2 concentric ditches were excavated into the mound. 6m wide causeway was identified on SE side of mound.


Additional comments:
An isolated deep pit described as a family grave as it contains four human skeletons, an adult female, adult male, and two young females (8 and 11 years old) Across the males lap was the skeleton of an elderly deaf and arthritic dog!


Additional comments:
Site located to the east of the castle. Remains of at least 3 LAS buildings, 2 appear to be workshops.Finds also from Saxo-Norman and pre-Friary periods.


Additional comments:
Information provided directly from Emma Pomprey.


Additional comments:
St Audoen's Church is one of the few surviving medieval building in Dublin.  Situated south of River Liffey. Excavated in 1990s. Structure C, a post and wattle building replaced the earlier structure B. Although this building was also severly damaged by later activity, the surviving walls indicate a width of c. 7m.


Additional comments:
Earliest mill in Ireland (AD 619-621) to service the early medieval monastery at Nendrum, which was at its height as a monastic establishtment in the 7th and 8th C AD.


Additional comments:
Site excavated due to gas pipeline, revealed a penannular ditch with an entrance to the SE, which was truncated by burials.  Evidence of dog gnawing.


Additional comments:
Two areas, A and B. Area A - predomiently IA pits, ditches and a post hole structure. Area B - early AS cemetery, 28 urned and 2 unurned cremation burials dating from 5th and early 7th century. 34 inhumation burials.


Additional comments:
Single dog mentioned in a pathology article.


Additional comments:
Area on the south bank of the river may have been the location of the tenth to eleventh century Hiberno-Norse settlement of Cork.


Additional comments:
Site was a backyard area off the main thoroughfare along the line of the present South Main Street.


Additional comments:
Location of the fortified core of the Hiberno-Norse town and the excavation revealed remains of 2 mid-12th C sill-beam houses and earlier post and wattle structures.


Additional comments:
12th century habitation with pits and fencing, evidence through to the post medieval period.


Additional comments:
Medieval layers constitute the backyards of medieval houses fronting onto South Main Street as well as post medieval buildings.


Additional comments:
Fifty-three graves were excavated, with the majority containing less than 25% of the skeleton. AB recovered from the graves was in similarly poor condition. The precise nature of the aggressive soil conditions is not clear, pH tests on 37 soil samples gave values between 6.6-8.1 with no apparent correlation with skeleton preservation.  Graves probably part of a large grave site rather than small discrete group.


Additional comments:
Ssituated in a coastal downland in the lower reaches of the valley of the River Ouse. Later AS rural settlement with cemetery dating from late 7th to AD 900 - 43 inhumations representing a mixed population.  One dog bone was used for radiocarbon dating - sample 1344D (NZA-30063) 1123 +-20 cal AD 880 - 990


Additional comments:
High status castle with multi-phases, pre-castle - phase 1 and c 1070-1348 Norman Castle Phase 2.


Additional comments:
Further excs taken place on Brandon Road, animal bones found in Roman and AS deposits although AS in poor condition with only two dogs identified - one in SFB.


Additional comments:
Site is on the northern limit of the Franciscan Friary, which was founded in 1226.


Site name:
Dublin: Kevin Street Garda Station, Bride St

Additional comments:
Pits dated to late 12th century, timber-lined, believed to be cesspits associated with habitation.


Additional comments:
Rural settlement consisting of pits of varying size, some may relate to sand and gravel extraction. Three of the early med pits contained disarticulated human and animal bone. Human bone made up 8 individuals of both sexes and various ages, probably disturbed from RB burials. Evidence of gnawing on the animal bone assemblage.


Additional comments:
Occupation on the site throughout the AS period. AB assemblage made up of primarily domestic animals so indicating that hunting and wildfowling was not carried out as food provision during any period of its occupation. Low levels of gnawing on the animal bones and dog teeth showed little evidence of wear.


