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A new era of targeting the ancient gatekeepers of the immune system: toll-like agonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma

A new era of targeting the ancient gatekeepers of the immune system: toll-like agonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma
A new era of targeting the ancient gatekeepers of the immune system: toll-like agonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to a large family of pattern recognition receptors known as the ancient 'gatekeepers' of the immune system. TLRs are located at the first line of defense against invading pathogens as well as aeroallergens, making them interesting targets to modulate the natural history of respiratory allergy. Agonists of TLRs have been widely employed in therapeutic or prophylactic preparations useful for asthma/allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. MPL® (a TLR4 agonist) and the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide of 1018 ISS, a TLR9 agonist, show strong immunogenicity effects that make them appropriate adjuvants for allergy vaccines. Targeting the TLRs can enhance the efficacy of specific allergen immunotherapy, currently the only available 'curative' treatment for respiratory allergies. In addition, intranasal administration of AZD8848 (a TLR7 agonist) and VTX-1463 (a TLR8 agonist) as stand-alone therapeutics have revealed efficacy in the relief of the symptoms of AR patients. No anaphylaxis has been so far reported with such compounds targeting TLRs, with the most common adverse effects being transient and local irritation (e.g. redness, swelling and pruritus). Many other compounds that target TLRs have been found to suppress airway inflammation, eosinophilia and airway hyper-responsiveness in various animal models of allergic inflammation. Indeed, in the future a wide variability of TLR agonists and even antagonists that exhibit anti-asthma/AR effects are likely to emerge. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
1018-2438
46-63
Aryan, Zahra
a733db97-84ab-4825-ac23-ba18bc9356e2
Holgate, Stephen T
2e7c17a9-6796-436e-8772-1fe6d2ac5edc
Radzioch, Danuta
98b576ea-a849-4b21-8fd3-9e0b59a53671
Rezaei, Nima
4d41d46e-027a-4e28-bb0d-0e7faa7b9478
Aryan, Zahra
a733db97-84ab-4825-ac23-ba18bc9356e2
Holgate, Stephen T
2e7c17a9-6796-436e-8772-1fe6d2ac5edc
Radzioch, Danuta
98b576ea-a849-4b21-8fd3-9e0b59a53671
Rezaei, Nima
4d41d46e-027a-4e28-bb0d-0e7faa7b9478

Aryan, Zahra, Holgate, Stephen T, Radzioch, Danuta and Rezaei, Nima (2014) A new era of targeting the ancient gatekeepers of the immune system: toll-like agonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 164 (1), 46-63. (doi:10.1159/000362553). (PMID:24853609)

Record type: Article

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to a large family of pattern recognition receptors known as the ancient 'gatekeepers' of the immune system. TLRs are located at the first line of defense against invading pathogens as well as aeroallergens, making them interesting targets to modulate the natural history of respiratory allergy. Agonists of TLRs have been widely employed in therapeutic or prophylactic preparations useful for asthma/allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. MPL® (a TLR4 agonist) and the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide of 1018 ISS, a TLR9 agonist, show strong immunogenicity effects that make them appropriate adjuvants for allergy vaccines. Targeting the TLRs can enhance the efficacy of specific allergen immunotherapy, currently the only available 'curative' treatment for respiratory allergies. In addition, intranasal administration of AZD8848 (a TLR7 agonist) and VTX-1463 (a TLR8 agonist) as stand-alone therapeutics have revealed efficacy in the relief of the symptoms of AR patients. No anaphylaxis has been so far reported with such compounds targeting TLRs, with the most common adverse effects being transient and local irritation (e.g. redness, swelling and pruritus). Many other compounds that target TLRs have been found to suppress airway inflammation, eosinophilia and airway hyper-responsiveness in various animal models of allergic inflammation. Indeed, in the future a wide variability of TLR agonists and even antagonists that exhibit anti-asthma/AR effects are likely to emerge. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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Published date: June 2014
Organisations: Clinical & Experimental Sciences

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 367153
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/367153
ISSN: 1018-2438
PURE UUID: 29af313d-e578-48bd-89a5-d74eb528211f

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Date deposited: 23 Jul 2014 14:02
Last modified: 14 Mar 2024 17:24

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Contributors

Author: Zahra Aryan
Author: Danuta Radzioch
Author: Nima Rezaei

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