Can banks individually create money out of nothing? — The theories and the empirical evidence
Can banks individually create money out of nothing? — The theories and the empirical evidence
This paper presents the first empirical evidence in the history of banking on the question of whether banks can create money out of nothing. The banking crisis has revived interest in this issue, but it had remained unsettled.
Three hypotheses are recognised in the literature. According to the financial intermediation theory of banking, banks are merely intermediaries like other non-bank financial institutions, collecting deposits that are then lent out. According to the fractional reserve theory of banking, individual banks are mere financial intermediaries that cannot create money, but collectively they end up creating money through systemic interaction. A third theory maintains that each individual bank has the power to create money ‘out of nothing’ and does so when it extends credit (the credit creation theory of banking). The question which of the theories is correct has far-reaching implications for research and policy. Surprisingly, despite the longstanding controversy, until now no empirical study has tested the theories. This is the contribution of the present paper. An empirical test is conducted, whereby money is borrowed from a cooperating bank, while its internal records are being monitored, to establish whether in the process of making the loan available to the borrower, the bank transfers these funds from other accounts within or outside the bank, or whether they are newly created. This study establishes for the first time empirically that banks individually create money out of nothing. The money supply is created as ‘fairy dust’ produced by the banks individually, "out of thin air".
bank credit, credit creation, financial intermediation, fractional reserve banking, money creation
1-19
Werner, Richard A.
dc217378-eb19-4592-9be4-ab5f847b74a1
December 2014
Werner, Richard A.
dc217378-eb19-4592-9be4-ab5f847b74a1
Werner, Richard A.
(2014)
Can banks individually create money out of nothing? — The theories and the empirical evidence.
International Review of Financial Analysis, 36, .
(doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2014.07.015).
Abstract
This paper presents the first empirical evidence in the history of banking on the question of whether banks can create money out of nothing. The banking crisis has revived interest in this issue, but it had remained unsettled.
Three hypotheses are recognised in the literature. According to the financial intermediation theory of banking, banks are merely intermediaries like other non-bank financial institutions, collecting deposits that are then lent out. According to the fractional reserve theory of banking, individual banks are mere financial intermediaries that cannot create money, but collectively they end up creating money through systemic interaction. A third theory maintains that each individual bank has the power to create money ‘out of nothing’ and does so when it extends credit (the credit creation theory of banking). The question which of the theories is correct has far-reaching implications for research and policy. Surprisingly, despite the longstanding controversy, until now no empirical study has tested the theories. This is the contribution of the present paper. An empirical test is conducted, whereby money is borrowed from a cooperating bank, while its internal records are being monitored, to establish whether in the process of making the loan available to the borrower, the bank transfers these funds from other accounts within or outside the bank, or whether they are newly created. This study establishes for the first time empirically that banks individually create money out of nothing. The money supply is created as ‘fairy dust’ produced by the banks individually, "out of thin air".
Other
1-s2.0-S1057521914001070-main.pdf__tid=41ad9a40-87c8-11e4-ad9d-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1419025669_0bbd3a453ffe29a8b14cdd91e676c8d8
- Accepted Manuscript
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e-pub ahead of print date: 16 September 2014
Published date: December 2014
Keywords:
bank credit, credit creation, financial intermediation, fractional reserve banking, money creation
Organisations:
Centre of Excellence for International Banking, Finance & Accounting
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 372866
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/372866
ISSN: 1057-5219
PURE UUID: f1229085-c39f-4c1b-9bfc-bff7df62818c
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Date deposited: 23 Dec 2014 16:36
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 05:13
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Author:
Richard A. Werner
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