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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 5% of children and adolescents and 2.5% of adults worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. In most cases ADHD arises from several genetic and environmental risk factors that each have a small individual effect and act together to increase susceptibility. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is consistent with the heterogeneity of the disorder, which is shown by its extensive psychiatric co-morbidity, its multiple domains of neurocognitive impairment and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies associated with it. The diagnosis of ADHD is reliable and valid when evaluated with standard criteria for psychiatric disorders. Rating scales and clinical interviews facilitate diagnosis and aid screening. The expression of symptoms varies as a function of patient developmental stage and social and academic contexts. Although there are no curative treatments for ADHD, evidenced-based treatments can markedly reduce its symptoms and associated impairments. For example, medications are efficacious and normally well tolerated, and various non-pharmacological approaches are also valuable. Ongoing clinical and neurobiological research holds the promise of advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ADHD
15020
Faraone, Stephen V.
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Asherson, Philip
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Banaschewski, Tobias
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Biederman, Joseph
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Buitelaar, Jan K.
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Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni
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Rohde, Luis Augusto
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S.
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Tannock, Rosemary
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Franke, Barbara
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Faraone, Stephen V.
bd307516-e8db-4d38-b649-9d7d7caafe93
Asherson, Philip
a734c1f6-f31a-450b-81c3-ba7bb373e147
Banaschewski, Tobias
4627c589-04cc-4f5b-ac2d-05f547f63dfd
Biederman, Joseph
fa82c04e-61be-40f5-824b-a5920ed3c9ed
Buitelaar, Jan K.
a2e08a14-4de4-419e-9ea8-1e97ebbdddba
Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni
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Rohde, Luis Augusto
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S.
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Tannock, Rosemary
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Franke, Barbara
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Faraone, Stephen V., Asherson, Philip, Banaschewski, Tobias, Biederman, Joseph, Buitelaar, Jan K., Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Rohde, Luis Augusto, Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S., Tannock, Rosemary and Franke, Barbara (2015) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 15020. (doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 5% of children and adolescents and 2.5% of adults worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. In most cases ADHD arises from several genetic and environmental risk factors that each have a small individual effect and act together to increase susceptibility. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is consistent with the heterogeneity of the disorder, which is shown by its extensive psychiatric co-morbidity, its multiple domains of neurocognitive impairment and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies associated with it. The diagnosis of ADHD is reliable and valid when evaluated with standard criteria for psychiatric disorders. Rating scales and clinical interviews facilitate diagnosis and aid screening. The expression of symptoms varies as a function of patient developmental stage and social and academic contexts. Although there are no curative treatments for ADHD, evidenced-based treatments can markedly reduce its symptoms and associated impairments. For example, medications are efficacious and normally well tolerated, and various non-pharmacological approaches are also valuable. Ongoing clinical and neurobiological research holds the promise of advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ADHD

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More information

e-pub ahead of print date: 6 August 2015
Published date: 6 August 2015
Organisations: Clinical Neuroscience

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Local EPrints ID: 381580
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/381580
PURE UUID: b8fd3190-a29e-407b-a758-ebed542e4c73

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Date deposited: 19 Oct 2015 13:03
Last modified: 14 Mar 2024 21:17

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Contributors

Author: Stephen V. Faraone
Author: Philip Asherson
Author: Tobias Banaschewski
Author: Joseph Biederman
Author: Jan K. Buitelaar
Author: Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
Author: Luis Augusto Rohde
Author: Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
Author: Rosemary Tannock
Author: Barbara Franke

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