Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: a review of the empirical evidence
Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: a review of the empirical evidence
Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers’ workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.
human factors, levels of automation, driving simulator, meta-analysis, nasa task lad index, secondary task, distraction, attention, eye movements, psychophysiology
196-217
de Winter, J.C.F.
7fd363a3-e8d0-4d20-b130-c9380716275e
Happee, R.
a4bc6296-0def-4b2b-959a-4fdee0a77bce
Martens, M.H.
badf8d00-ef25-4cf7-8f45-66aebbcba575
Stanton, N.A.
351a44ab-09a0-422a-a738-01df1fe0fadd
November 2014
de Winter, J.C.F.
7fd363a3-e8d0-4d20-b130-c9380716275e
Happee, R.
a4bc6296-0def-4b2b-959a-4fdee0a77bce
Martens, M.H.
badf8d00-ef25-4cf7-8f45-66aebbcba575
Stanton, N.A.
351a44ab-09a0-422a-a738-01df1fe0fadd
de Winter, J.C.F., Happee, R., Martens, M.H. and Stanton, N.A.
(2014)
Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: a review of the empirical evidence.
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 27, part B, .
(doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.016).
Abstract
Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers’ workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.
This record has no associated files available for download.
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 26 June 2014
e-pub ahead of print date: 19 August 2014
Published date: November 2014
Keywords:
human factors, levels of automation, driving simulator, meta-analysis, nasa task lad index, secondary task, distraction, attention, eye movements, psychophysiology
Organisations:
Transportation Group
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 383337
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/383337
ISSN: 1369-8478
PURE UUID: 06ba0980-0661-42ae-9633-3d56c69a1af1
Catalogue record
Date deposited: 16 Nov 2015 13:04
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 03:33
Export record
Altmetrics
Contributors
Author:
J.C.F. de Winter
Author:
R. Happee
Author:
M.H. Martens
Download statistics
Downloads from ePrints over the past year. Other digital versions may also be available to download e.g. from the publisher's website.
View more statistics
