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The rise-time of Type II supernovae

The rise-time of Type II supernovae
The rise-time of Type II supernovae
We investigate the early-time light curves of a large sample of 223 Type II supernovae (SNe II) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Supernova Legacy Survey. Having a cadence of a few days and sufficient non-detections prior to explosion, we constrain rise-times, i.e. the durations from estimated first to maximum light, as a function of effective wavelength. At rest-frame g? band (?eff = 4722 Å), we find a distribution of fast rise-times with median of (7.5 ± 0.3) d. Comparing these durations with analytical shock models of Rabinak & Waxman and Nakar & Sari, and hydrodynamical models of Tominaga et al., which are mostly sensitive to progenitor radius at these epochs, we find a median characteristic radius of less than 400 solar radii. The inferred radii are on average much smaller than the radii obtained for observed red supergiants (RSG). Investigating the post-maximum slopes as a function of effective wavelength in the light of theoretical models, we find that massive hydrogen envelopes are still needed to explain the plateaus of SNe II. We therefore argue that the SN II rise-times we observe are either (a) the shock cooling resulting from the core collapse of RSG with small and dense envelopes, or (b) the delayed and prolonged shock breakout of the collapse of an RSG with an extended atmosphere or embedded within pre-SN circumstellar material.
1365-2966
2212-2229
Gonzalez-Gaitan, S.
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Tominaga, N.
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Molina, J.
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Galbany, L.
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Bufano, F.
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Anderson, J.P.
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Gutierrez, C.
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Forster, F.
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Pignata, G.
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Bersten, M.
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Howell, D.A.
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Sullivan, M.
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Carlberg, R.
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de Jaeger, T.
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Hamuy, M.
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Baklanov, P.V.
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Blinnikov, S.I.
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Gonzalez-Gaitan, S.
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Tominaga, N.
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Molina, J.
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Galbany, L.
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Bufano, F.
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Anderson, J.P.
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Gutierrez, C.
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Forster, F.
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Pignata, G.
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Bersten, M.
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Howell, D.A.
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Sullivan, M.
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Carlberg, R.
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de Jaeger, T.
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Hamuy, M.
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Baklanov, P.V.
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Blinnikov, S.I.
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Gonzalez-Gaitan, S., Tominaga, N., Molina, J., Galbany, L., Bufano, F., Anderson, J.P., Gutierrez, C., Forster, F., Pignata, G., Bersten, M., Howell, D.A., Sullivan, M., Carlberg, R., de Jaeger, T., Hamuy, M., Baklanov, P.V. and Blinnikov, S.I. (2015) The rise-time of Type II supernovae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 451 (2), 2212-2229. (doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1097).

Record type: Article

Abstract

We investigate the early-time light curves of a large sample of 223 Type II supernovae (SNe II) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Supernova Legacy Survey. Having a cadence of a few days and sufficient non-detections prior to explosion, we constrain rise-times, i.e. the durations from estimated first to maximum light, as a function of effective wavelength. At rest-frame g? band (?eff = 4722 Å), we find a distribution of fast rise-times with median of (7.5 ± 0.3) d. Comparing these durations with analytical shock models of Rabinak & Waxman and Nakar & Sari, and hydrodynamical models of Tominaga et al., which are mostly sensitive to progenitor radius at these epochs, we find a median characteristic radius of less than 400 solar radii. The inferred radii are on average much smaller than the radii obtained for observed red supergiants (RSG). Investigating the post-maximum slopes as a function of effective wavelength in the light of theoretical models, we find that massive hydrogen envelopes are still needed to explain the plateaus of SNe II. We therefore argue that the SN II rise-times we observe are either (a) the shock cooling resulting from the core collapse of RSG with small and dense envelopes, or (b) the delayed and prolonged shock breakout of the collapse of an RSG with an extended atmosphere or embedded within pre-SN circumstellar material.

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Accepted/In Press date: 11 May 2015
e-pub ahead of print date: 11 June 2015
Published date: August 2015
Organisations: Astronomy Group

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Local EPrints ID: 394594
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/394594
ISSN: 1365-2966
PURE UUID: 2fa35d5f-cb88-40af-835c-b60df1281119
ORCID for M. Sullivan: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-4820

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Date deposited: 20 May 2016 15:25
Last modified: 18 May 2024 01:46

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Contributors

Author: S. Gonzalez-Gaitan
Author: N. Tominaga
Author: J. Molina
Author: L. Galbany
Author: F. Bufano
Author: J.P. Anderson
Author: C. Gutierrez
Author: F. Forster
Author: G. Pignata
Author: M. Bersten
Author: D.A. Howell
Author: M. Sullivan ORCID iD
Author: R. Carlberg
Author: T. de Jaeger
Author: M. Hamuy
Author: P.V. Baklanov
Author: S.I. Blinnikov

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