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An investigation into the glow discharge phase of an LaB6 heaterless hollow cathode

An investigation into the glow discharge phase of an LaB6 heaterless hollow cathode
An investigation into the glow discharge phase of an LaB6 heaterless hollow cathode
Hollow cathodes typically operate through the use of low work function emitters to deliver thermionic current. To achieve high thermionic current the emitters require heating to around 1500 K for barium oxide cathodes and over 1900 K for lanthanum hexaboride cathodes. Conventionally a heater component is utilised to raise the emitter to the required thermionic temperatures for ignition, however this has drawbacks: firstly additional mass and volume for the heater component is required, secondly there are reliability issues due to thermal cycling and high temperature variation, and finally there are long ignition times, up to 10 minutes, due to indirect heating of the insert. Thus replacing the heater component with a simpler and potentially faster ignition system will be highly advantageous. Conventional hollow cathodes can be cold started, though this leads to high voltages combined with unacceptable mass flow rates (order of magnitude higher).

We are investigating an alternative approach to ignition by developing dedicated heaterless hollow cathodes (HHC) that meet the internal pressures required at nominal mass flow rates. In which the emitter heating is driven by a discharge between the keeper and the emitter. This method allows for direct heating of the emitter, lowering the overall HHC ignition time to as low as 2 seconds, without requiring additional components. Though to date HHC’s have only demonstrated lifetimes of hundreds of hours. This is primarily due to the absence of thermionic emission during the breakdown stage, such that higher breakdown potentials are used compared with conventional ignition. Hence the sputter erosion yields can be higher due to the higher energy ion bombardment and in addition cathodic spots can form through ignition, due to over powering, thus causing high localised erosion. This study investigates a novel power switching sequence to ignite the heaterless hollow cathode, which can enable repeatable ignition at relatively low voltages (<500V) and flow rates (<20 sccm), thus resulting in low erosion. This is achieved though adapting the voltage and current though through ignition to understand their influence on repeatability and erosion. This is examined through an experimental campaign conducted on the 20A heaterless hollow cathode under development at the University of Southampton. Results have shown that discharge stability can be increased by limiting current though the use of electrical ballasts due to the plasmas negative resistance characteristics observed. Erosion analysis is being conducted though the following diagnostics: scanning electron microscope for erosion detection, spectroscopy for species identification and periodic mass measurements for erosion quantification.
electric propulsion, hollow cathode, ignition
Daykin-Iliopoulos, Alexander
0caedbac-93a0-45c9-ae31-02f6c70ab8c0
Gabriel, S.B.
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Golosnoy, I.O.
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Daykin-Iliopoulos, Alexander
0caedbac-93a0-45c9-ae31-02f6c70ab8c0
Gabriel, S.B.
ac76976d-74fd-40a0-808d-c9f68a38f259
Golosnoy, I.O.
40603f91-7488-49ea-830f-24dd930573d1

Daykin-Iliopoulos, Alexander, Gabriel, S.B. and Golosnoy, I.O. (2016) An investigation into the glow discharge phase of an LaB6 heaterless hollow cathode. Space Propulsion 2016 (the 5th conference on space propulsion), Rome, Italy. 02 - 06 May 2016. 13 pp .

Record type: Conference or Workshop Item (Other)

Abstract

Hollow cathodes typically operate through the use of low work function emitters to deliver thermionic current. To achieve high thermionic current the emitters require heating to around 1500 K for barium oxide cathodes and over 1900 K for lanthanum hexaboride cathodes. Conventionally a heater component is utilised to raise the emitter to the required thermionic temperatures for ignition, however this has drawbacks: firstly additional mass and volume for the heater component is required, secondly there are reliability issues due to thermal cycling and high temperature variation, and finally there are long ignition times, up to 10 minutes, due to indirect heating of the insert. Thus replacing the heater component with a simpler and potentially faster ignition system will be highly advantageous. Conventional hollow cathodes can be cold started, though this leads to high voltages combined with unacceptable mass flow rates (order of magnitude higher).

We are investigating an alternative approach to ignition by developing dedicated heaterless hollow cathodes (HHC) that meet the internal pressures required at nominal mass flow rates. In which the emitter heating is driven by a discharge between the keeper and the emitter. This method allows for direct heating of the emitter, lowering the overall HHC ignition time to as low as 2 seconds, without requiring additional components. Though to date HHC’s have only demonstrated lifetimes of hundreds of hours. This is primarily due to the absence of thermionic emission during the breakdown stage, such that higher breakdown potentials are used compared with conventional ignition. Hence the sputter erosion yields can be higher due to the higher energy ion bombardment and in addition cathodic spots can form through ignition, due to over powering, thus causing high localised erosion. This study investigates a novel power switching sequence to ignite the heaterless hollow cathode, which can enable repeatable ignition at relatively low voltages (<500V) and flow rates (<20 sccm), thus resulting in low erosion. This is achieved though adapting the voltage and current though through ignition to understand their influence on repeatability and erosion. This is examined through an experimental campaign conducted on the 20A heaterless hollow cathode under development at the University of Southampton. Results have shown that discharge stability can be increased by limiting current though the use of electrical ballasts due to the plasmas negative resistance characteristics observed. Erosion analysis is being conducted though the following diagnostics: scanning electron microscope for erosion detection, spectroscopy for species identification and periodic mass measurements for erosion quantification.

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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 2 May 2016
e-pub ahead of print date: 5 May 2016
Published date: 19 July 2016
Venue - Dates: Space Propulsion 2016 (the 5th conference on space propulsion), Rome, Italy, 2016-05-02 - 2016-05-06
Keywords: electric propulsion, hollow cathode, ignition
Organisations: EEE

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 399405
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/399405
PURE UUID: cb25984e-d7fb-493b-8560-227907fc84cc
ORCID for Alexander Daykin-Iliopoulos: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-8912

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 15 Aug 2016 15:14
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 04:05

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Contributors

Author: Alexander Daykin-Iliopoulos ORCID iD
Author: S.B. Gabriel
Author: I.O. Golosnoy

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