Review of global HVDC subsea cable projects and the application of sea electrodes
Review of global HVDC subsea cable projects and the application of sea electrodes
Sea electrodes have been used since the first HVDC subsea links were installed in the 1950s and provide a simple proven solution for the return current path. Today around 30% of the approximately 40 HVDC subsea links in service use sea electrodes as the return current path under normal or emergency operation conditions. This paper reviews the evolution of interconnectors with sea electrodes and the factors, such as location, environmental impact, current capacity and financial factors (cost, flexibility, losses) which need to be assessed before adopting a sea electrode. In particular findings from environmental studies undertaken on existing sea electrodes are reviewed, as well as, the detailed content of recent Environmental Impact Statements for HVDC projects with proposed sea returns. Finally, the reasons for a change in design on links with a proposed sea return to a metallic return are also considered.
HVDC, Cable, Subsea cable, Marine electrode, Sea electrode, Return path
121-135
Sutton, Simon J.
571c7136-1eb6-44e1-8979-ca0829469a6b
Lewin, Paul L.
78b4fc49-1cb3-4db9-ba90-3ae70c0f639e
Swingler, Steven G.
4f13fbb2-7d2e-480a-8687-acea6a4ed735
May 2017
Sutton, Simon J.
571c7136-1eb6-44e1-8979-ca0829469a6b
Lewin, Paul L.
78b4fc49-1cb3-4db9-ba90-3ae70c0f639e
Swingler, Steven G.
4f13fbb2-7d2e-480a-8687-acea6a4ed735
Sutton, Simon J., Lewin, Paul L. and Swingler, Steven G.
(2017)
Review of global HVDC subsea cable projects and the application of sea electrodes.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 87, .
(doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.11.009).
Abstract
Sea electrodes have been used since the first HVDC subsea links were installed in the 1950s and provide a simple proven solution for the return current path. Today around 30% of the approximately 40 HVDC subsea links in service use sea electrodes as the return current path under normal or emergency operation conditions. This paper reviews the evolution of interconnectors with sea electrodes and the factors, such as location, environmental impact, current capacity and financial factors (cost, flexibility, losses) which need to be assessed before adopting a sea electrode. In particular findings from environmental studies undertaken on existing sea electrodes are reviewed, as well as, the detailed content of recent Environmental Impact Statements for HVDC projects with proposed sea returns. Finally, the reasons for a change in design on links with a proposed sea return to a metallic return are also considered.
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Accepted/In Press date: 15 November 2016
e-pub ahead of print date: 21 December 2016
Published date: May 2017
Keywords:
HVDC, Cable, Subsea cable, Marine electrode, Sea electrode, Return path
Organisations:
EEE
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 403368
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/403368
ISSN: 0142-0615
PURE UUID: 4e4d10cd-e35e-4589-91de-7d1d96cfd963
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Date deposited: 30 Nov 2016 11:57
Last modified: 16 Mar 2024 02:41
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Author:
Simon J. Sutton
Author:
Paul L. Lewin
Author:
Steven G. Swingler
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