Eisenbarth, Hedwig (2017) Environmental influences: The special case of gender. In, Centifanti, Luna and Williams, David (eds.) The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Chichester, UK. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 335-342. (doi:10.1002/9781118554470.ch16).
Abstract
Gender differences in prevalence of different psychopathologies are crucial for both the understanding of developmental pathways and for treatment interventions. Understanding why more girls than boys develop depression in adolescence and why more boys than girls develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can inform theories of developmental pathways of psychopathology. This chapter reviews existing findings on gender-specific environmental risk factors for psychopathology, covering the most frequently found risk-factor categories: parenting, early life events, exposure to substances/violence, and an area that might have gender-specific impact: school environment. Some studies found that perceived school climate can reduce externalizing and internalizing symptoms in both boys and girls, but reduces relational aggressive behavior mainly in girls. Individually perceived school climate and parental involvement in schooling can have a positive impact on both boys and girls, but girls specifically profit from a positive relationship with their teacher.
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