Geological evolution of the Boset-Bericha Volcanic Complex, Main Ethiopian Rift: 40Ar/39Ar evidence for episodic Pleistocene to Holocene volcanism

Abstract

The Boset-Bericha Volcanic Complex (BBVC) is one of the largest stratovolcanoes of the northern Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). However, very little is known about its eruptive history, despite the fact that approximately 4 million people live within 100 km of the complex. Here, we combine field observations, morphometric analysis using high-resolution LiDAR data, geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to report the first detailed account of the geological evolution of the BBVC, with a focus on extensive young lava flows covering the two edifices, Gudda and Bericha. These lavas exhibit a bimodal composition ranging dominantly from basaltic rift floor lavas and scoria cones, to pantelleritic trachytes and rhyolite flows at Gudda, and comenditic rhyolites at Bericha. Further, several intermediate compositions are associated with fissure vents along the Boset-Kone segment that also appear to link the silicic centres. We divide the BBVC broadly into four main eruptive stages, comprising: (1) early rift floor emplacement, (2) formation of Gudda Volcano within two main cycles, separated by caldera formation, (3) formation of the Bericha Volcano, and (4) sporadic fissure eruptions. Our new 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, targeting a representative array of these flows, provides evidence for episodic activity at the BBVC from ~ 120 ka to the present-day. We find that low-volume mafic episodes are more frequent (~ 10 ka cyclicity) than felsic episodes (~ 100 ka cyclicity), but the latter are more voluminous. Over the last ~ 30 ka, mafic to intermediate fissure activity might have reinvigorated felsic activity (over the last ~ 16 ka), manifested as peralkaline lava flows and pyroclastic deposits at Gudda and Bericha. Felsic episodes have on average a higher eruption rate (2–5/1000 years) and productivity at Gudda compared to Bericha (1–2/1000 years). The young age of lavas and current fumarolic activity along the fault system, suggest that the BBVC is still potentially active. Coincident episodic activity within the BBVC and at several rift segments in the MER is observed, and facilitates continental rifting.

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Identifiers

ORCID for Thomas M. Gernon: orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-2092

ORCID for Jonathan M. Bull: orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-5807

ORCID for Derek Keir: orcid.org/0000-0001-8787-8446

ORCID for Rex N. Taylor: orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-0294

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