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Journey of a cystinuric patient with a long-term follow-up from a medical stone clinic: necessity to be SaFER (stone and fragments entirely removed)

Journey of a cystinuric patient with a long-term follow-up from a medical stone clinic: necessity to be SaFER (stone and fragments entirely removed)
Journey of a cystinuric patient with a long-term follow-up from a medical stone clinic: necessity to be SaFER (stone and fragments entirely removed)

There is a lack of studies looking at the longitudinal follow-up of patients with cystine stones. We wanted to assess the journey of cystinuric patients through our specialist metabolic stone clinic to improve the understanding of episodes, interventions and current outcomes in this patient cohort. After ethical approval, all patients who attended our metabolic stone clinic from 1994 to 2014 with at least one cystine stone episode were included in our study. Data were retrospectively analysed for patient demographics, stone episodes or intervention, clinical parameters and patient compliance. Over a period of 21 years, 16 patients with a median age of 15.5 years underwent a mean follow-up of 8.6 years (1–21 years). The mean number of surgical interventions was 3.1 (1–8/patient), but patients who were stone free after their first treatment had lower recurrences (p = 0.91) and lower number of interventions during their follow-up (2.7/patient, compared to those who were not stone free at 4/patient). During their follow-up period, patients with < 3 interventions had a significantly better renal function than those with ≥ 3 surgical interventions (p = 0.04). Additionally, linear regression analysis showed that eGFR was demonstrated to decline with increasing numbers of stone episodes (r2 = 0.169). It was also noted that patients who began early medical management remained stone free during follow-up compared to those who had medical management after ≥ 2 stone episodes, of whom all had a recurrent episode. Our long-term longitudinal study of cystine stone formers highlights that patients who are stone free and receive early metabolic stone screening and medical management after their initial presentation have the lowest recurrence rates and tend to preserve their renal function. Hence, prompt referral for metabolic assessment, and the stone and fragments entirely removed (SaFER) principles are key to preventing stone episodes and improving long-term function.

Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cystinuria/metabolism, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Kidney Calculi/epidemiology, Lithotripsy/statistics & numerical data, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous/statistics & numerical data, Recurrence, Reoperation/statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Ureteroscopy/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult
2194-7228
165-170
Moore, Sacha L
4e0170aa-7743-47a4-b897-428ce551e43f
Somani, Bhaskar K
7ed77b4e-3ffc-43ef-bc61-bd1c1544518c
Cook, Paul
b8e76445-8d7e-40bf-b97f-e42678e90e57
Moore, Sacha L
4e0170aa-7743-47a4-b897-428ce551e43f
Somani, Bhaskar K
7ed77b4e-3ffc-43ef-bc61-bd1c1544518c
Cook, Paul
b8e76445-8d7e-40bf-b97f-e42678e90e57

Moore, Sacha L, Somani, Bhaskar K and Cook, Paul (2019) Journey of a cystinuric patient with a long-term follow-up from a medical stone clinic: necessity to be SaFER (stone and fragments entirely removed). Urolithiasis, 47 (2), 165-170. (doi:10.1007/s00240-018-1059-5).

Record type: Article

Abstract

There is a lack of studies looking at the longitudinal follow-up of patients with cystine stones. We wanted to assess the journey of cystinuric patients through our specialist metabolic stone clinic to improve the understanding of episodes, interventions and current outcomes in this patient cohort. After ethical approval, all patients who attended our metabolic stone clinic from 1994 to 2014 with at least one cystine stone episode were included in our study. Data were retrospectively analysed for patient demographics, stone episodes or intervention, clinical parameters and patient compliance. Over a period of 21 years, 16 patients with a median age of 15.5 years underwent a mean follow-up of 8.6 years (1–21 years). The mean number of surgical interventions was 3.1 (1–8/patient), but patients who were stone free after their first treatment had lower recurrences (p = 0.91) and lower number of interventions during their follow-up (2.7/patient, compared to those who were not stone free at 4/patient). During their follow-up period, patients with < 3 interventions had a significantly better renal function than those with ≥ 3 surgical interventions (p = 0.04). Additionally, linear regression analysis showed that eGFR was demonstrated to decline with increasing numbers of stone episodes (r2 = 0.169). It was also noted that patients who began early medical management remained stone free during follow-up compared to those who had medical management after ≥ 2 stone episodes, of whom all had a recurrent episode. Our long-term longitudinal study of cystine stone formers highlights that patients who are stone free and receive early metabolic stone screening and medical management after their initial presentation have the lowest recurrence rates and tend to preserve their renal function. Hence, prompt referral for metabolic assessment, and the stone and fragments entirely removed (SaFER) principles are key to preventing stone episodes and improving long-term function.

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10.1007%2Fs00240-018-1059-5 - Version of Record
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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 10 April 2018
e-pub ahead of print date: 25 April 2018
Published date: April 2019
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cystinuria/metabolism, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Kidney Calculi/epidemiology, Lithotripsy/statistics & numerical data, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous/statistics & numerical data, Recurrence, Reoperation/statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Ureteroscopy/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 420534
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/420534
ISSN: 2194-7228
PURE UUID: 7d7e48d5-f996-419d-8031-1b4bb23b9c9e

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Date deposited: 10 May 2018 16:30
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 19:51

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Contributors

Author: Sacha L Moore
Author: Bhaskar K Somani
Author: Paul Cook

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