Recent advances in electrochemical water oxidation to produce hydrogen peroxide: A mechanistic perspective

Abstract

Electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has recently gained traction as a green alternative to the unsustainable anthraquinone auto-oxidation process and the high-risk direct synthesis route. While the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e^- ORR) toward H₂O₂ has been covered extensively in the literature, the unorthodox two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e^- WOR) remains far less popular, due to the thermodynamic unfavorability of the pathway. Nonetheless, the 2e^- WOR constitutes a coveted procedure as it enables the electro-generation of H₂O₂ solely from water. A thorough understanding of the reaction mechanism, including all intermediates and competing reaction routes, is essential for the fabrication of electrocatalysts, and assembly of electrochemical reactors, capable of greater H₂O₂ production rates with an optimal efficiency. This review focuses exclusively on the 2e^- WOR to electrochemically produce H₂O₂. A summary of all prevailing water oxidation mechanisms is presented, supported with computational and experimental data, and key challenges and limitations that require attention are addressed.

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