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Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study

Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study
Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study

Background: acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common manifestation among patients critically ill with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Coronavirus 2019) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of renal failure in this context is not fully understood, but likely to be multifactorial. The intensive care unit outcomes of patients following COVID-19 acute critical illness with associated AKI have not been fully explored. We conducted a cohort study to investigate the risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients admitted to and intensive care unit with COVID-19, its incidence and associated outcomes. 

Methods: we reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to our adult intensive care unit suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection from 14th March 2020 until 12th May 2020. Acute kidney injury was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. The outcome analysis was assessed up to date as 3rd of September 2020. 

Results: a total of 81 patients admitted during this period. All patients had acute hypoxic respiratory failure and needed either noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilatory support. Thirty-six patients (44%) had evidence of AKI (Stage I-33%, Stage II-22%, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)-44%). All patients with AKI stage III had RRT. Age, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, lymphopenia, high D-Dimer levels, increased APACHE II and SOFA scores, invasive mechanical ventilation and use of inotropic or vasopressor support were significantly associated with AKI. The peak AKI was at day 4 and mean duration of RRT was 12.5 days. The mortality was 25% for the AKI group compared to 6.7% in those without AKI. Among those received RRT and survived their illness, the renal function recovery is complete and back to baseline in all patients. 

Conclusion: acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy is common in critically ill patients presenting with COVID-19. It is associated with increased severity of illness on admission to ICU, increased mortality and prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay. Recovery of renal function was complete in all survived patients.

APACHE, Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology, COVID-19/complications, Cohort Studies, Critical Illness, Female, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Incidence, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Dysfunction Scores, Recovery of Function, Renal Replacement Therapy/statistics & numerical data, Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects, Risk Factors, Water-Electrolyte Balance
1471-2369
92
Lowe, R
d597842e-560d-44a0-bade-dee08ce57677
Ferrari, M
75741a06-6006-436e-a725-3943397aef6a
Nasim-Mohi, M
b720d2a1-2c26-4712-b16c-a8543bbe54fe
Jackson, A
ac60922e-1677-4242-bab0-8967d18673fc
Beecham, R
f930648f-5bcb-4c56-ae34-61db6d54b251
Veighey, K
2adbaf5c-141a-44bd-a7eb-faf14e0ca251
Cusack, R
dfb1595f-2792-4f76-ac6d-da027cf40146
Richardson, D
451cfcac-a6d7-4b01-a695-f5b5e4134f39
Grocott, Mpw
d974a4bc-332b-4d7a-b0c5-3212ff115cc5
Levett, Dzh
988e5b05-9a3e-43b1-9629-61faef0c40f0
Dushianthan, A
013692a2-cf26-4278-80bd-9d8fcdb17751
University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators
Lowe, R
d597842e-560d-44a0-bade-dee08ce57677
Ferrari, M
75741a06-6006-436e-a725-3943397aef6a
Nasim-Mohi, M
b720d2a1-2c26-4712-b16c-a8543bbe54fe
Jackson, A
ac60922e-1677-4242-bab0-8967d18673fc
Beecham, R
f930648f-5bcb-4c56-ae34-61db6d54b251
Veighey, K
2adbaf5c-141a-44bd-a7eb-faf14e0ca251
Cusack, R
dfb1595f-2792-4f76-ac6d-da027cf40146
Richardson, D
451cfcac-a6d7-4b01-a695-f5b5e4134f39
Grocott, Mpw
d974a4bc-332b-4d7a-b0c5-3212ff115cc5
Levett, Dzh
988e5b05-9a3e-43b1-9629-61faef0c40f0
Dushianthan, A
013692a2-cf26-4278-80bd-9d8fcdb17751

University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators (2021) Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury: a single centre cohort study. BMC Nephrology, 22 (1), 92, [92]. (doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02296-z).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Background: acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common manifestation among patients critically ill with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Coronavirus 2019) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of renal failure in this context is not fully understood, but likely to be multifactorial. The intensive care unit outcomes of patients following COVID-19 acute critical illness with associated AKI have not been fully explored. We conducted a cohort study to investigate the risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients admitted to and intensive care unit with COVID-19, its incidence and associated outcomes. 

Methods: we reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to our adult intensive care unit suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection from 14th March 2020 until 12th May 2020. Acute kidney injury was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. The outcome analysis was assessed up to date as 3rd of September 2020. 

Results: a total of 81 patients admitted during this period. All patients had acute hypoxic respiratory failure and needed either noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilatory support. Thirty-six patients (44%) had evidence of AKI (Stage I-33%, Stage II-22%, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)-44%). All patients with AKI stage III had RRT. Age, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, lymphopenia, high D-Dimer levels, increased APACHE II and SOFA scores, invasive mechanical ventilation and use of inotropic or vasopressor support were significantly associated with AKI. The peak AKI was at day 4 and mean duration of RRT was 12.5 days. The mortality was 25% for the AKI group compared to 6.7% in those without AKI. Among those received RRT and survived their illness, the renal function recovery is complete and back to baseline in all patients. 

Conclusion: acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy is common in critically ill patients presenting with COVID-19. It is associated with increased severity of illness on admission to ICU, increased mortality and prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay. Recovery of renal function was complete in all survived patients.

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e-pub ahead of print date: 15 March 2021
Published date: 15 March 2021
Keywords: APACHE, Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology, COVID-19/complications, Cohort Studies, Critical Illness, Female, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Incidence, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Dysfunction Scores, Recovery of Function, Renal Replacement Therapy/statistics & numerical data, Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects, Risk Factors, Water-Electrolyte Balance

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 450714
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/450714
ISSN: 1471-2369
PURE UUID: 19c7754d-19fd-469f-a3bb-1e124f4a7ca5
ORCID for K Veighey: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-1847
ORCID for R Cusack: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-2870
ORCID for A Dushianthan: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-3359

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Date deposited: 09 Aug 2021 16:30
Last modified: 05 Nov 2024 02:54

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Contributors

Author: R Lowe
Author: M Ferrari
Author: M Nasim-Mohi
Author: A Jackson
Author: R Beecham
Author: K Veighey ORCID iD
Author: R Cusack ORCID iD
Author: D Richardson
Author: Mpw Grocott
Author: Dzh Levett
Author: A Dushianthan ORCID iD
Corporate Author: University Hospital Southampton Critical Care Team and the REACT COVID investigators

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