Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans
Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans
Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood-brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma.
Brain, Drainage, Interstitial fluid
Varatharaj, Aravinthan
33d833af-9459-4b21-8489-ce9c0b6a09e0
Carare, Roxana-Octavia
0478c197-b0c1-4206-acae-54e88c8f21fa
Weller, Roy O.
4a501831-e38a-4d39-a125-d7141d6c667b
Gawne-Cain, Mary L.
965db1c3-79ca-455a-82e0-1cdc9b8042c4
Galea, Ian
66209a2f-f7e6-4d63-afe4-e9299f156f0b
9 November 2021
Varatharaj, Aravinthan
33d833af-9459-4b21-8489-ce9c0b6a09e0
Carare, Roxana-Octavia
0478c197-b0c1-4206-acae-54e88c8f21fa
Weller, Roy O.
4a501831-e38a-4d39-a125-d7141d6c667b
Gawne-Cain, Mary L.
965db1c3-79ca-455a-82e0-1cdc9b8042c4
Galea, Ian
66209a2f-f7e6-4d63-afe4-e9299f156f0b
Varatharaj, Aravinthan, Carare, Roxana-Octavia, Weller, Roy O., Gawne-Cain, Mary L. and Galea, Ian
(2021)
Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (45), [e2106331118].
(doi:10.1073/pnas.2106331118).
Abstract
Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood-brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma.
Text
Varatharaj et al_accepted manuscript
- Accepted Manuscript
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 15 September 2021
e-pub ahead of print date: 29 September 2021
Published date: 9 November 2021
Additional Information:
Funding Information:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Chris Everitt, radiographer at University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust. The study was funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/R017352/1).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Brain, Drainage, Interstitial fluid
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 452598
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/452598
ISSN: 0027-8424
PURE UUID: 6214216d-b43f-4e12-87ff-37ebfda90479
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Date deposited: 11 Dec 2021 11:28
Last modified: 17 Mar 2024 03:53
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Contributors
Author:
Roy O. Weller
Author:
Mary L. Gawne-Cain
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