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Modeling enteropathy or diarrhea with the top bacterial and protozoal pathogens: Differential determinants of outcomes

Modeling enteropathy or diarrhea with the top bacterial and protozoal pathogens: Differential determinants of outcomes
Modeling enteropathy or diarrhea with the top bacterial and protozoal pathogens: Differential determinants of outcomes

Developing effective therapeutics or preventive interventions for important health threats is greatly enhanced whenever accessible models can enable the assessment of clinically important outcomes. While no non-human model is ever perfect, inexpensive in vivo small animal models in such as mice are often of great help in assessing the relevant efficacy of potential interventions. In addition to acute diarrhea, the long-term growth and developmental effects of enteric infections, with or without overt diarrhea, are increasingly recognized. To address these diverse effects, inexpensive animal models are proving to be very helpful. Herein, we review the major clinical concerns with enteric parasitic and bacterial infections that are extremely common worldwide, especially in vulnerable young children living in impoverished areas, and the recently published murine models of these infections and their outcomes. We find that common dietary deficiencies seen in children in developing areas have striking effects on diarrhea and enteropathy outcomes in mice. However, these effects differ with different pathogens. Specifically, the effects of protein or zinc deficiency differ considerably with different major protozoal and bacterial pathogens, suggesting different pathogenetic pathways and intervention effects. The pathogens reviewed are the seven top parasitic and bacterial pathogens seen in children, namely, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).

animal models, cognitive development, diarrhea, enteropathy, inflammation, stunting
2373-8227
1020-1031
Guerrant, Richard L.
b8c9324a-fd9b-401e-b994-105406ee8fbd
Bolick, David T.
35949d76-8c51-4889-9a5e-ed52db0eca2c
Swann, Jonathan R.
7c11a66b-f4b8-4dbf-aa17-ad8b0561b85c
Guerrant, Richard L.
b8c9324a-fd9b-401e-b994-105406ee8fbd
Bolick, David T.
35949d76-8c51-4889-9a5e-ed52db0eca2c
Swann, Jonathan R.
7c11a66b-f4b8-4dbf-aa17-ad8b0561b85c

Guerrant, Richard L., Bolick, David T. and Swann, Jonathan R. (2021) Modeling enteropathy or diarrhea with the top bacterial and protozoal pathogens: Differential determinants of outcomes. ACS Infectious Diseases, 7 (5), 1020-1031. (doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00831).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Developing effective therapeutics or preventive interventions for important health threats is greatly enhanced whenever accessible models can enable the assessment of clinically important outcomes. While no non-human model is ever perfect, inexpensive in vivo small animal models in such as mice are often of great help in assessing the relevant efficacy of potential interventions. In addition to acute diarrhea, the long-term growth and developmental effects of enteric infections, with or without overt diarrhea, are increasingly recognized. To address these diverse effects, inexpensive animal models are proving to be very helpful. Herein, we review the major clinical concerns with enteric parasitic and bacterial infections that are extremely common worldwide, especially in vulnerable young children living in impoverished areas, and the recently published murine models of these infections and their outcomes. We find that common dietary deficiencies seen in children in developing areas have striking effects on diarrhea and enteropathy outcomes in mice. However, these effects differ with different pathogens. Specifically, the effects of protein or zinc deficiency differ considerably with different major protozoal and bacterial pathogens, suggesting different pathogenetic pathways and intervention effects. The pathogens reviewed are the seven top parasitic and bacterial pathogens seen in children, namely, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).

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e-pub ahead of print date: 26 April 2021
Published date: 14 May 2021
Additional Information: Funding Information: This work was supported in part by Opportunity ID OPP1127923 (Host, pathogen and pathogen interaction determinants of environmental enteric dysfunction) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Keywords: animal models, cognitive development, diarrhea, enteropathy, inflammation, stunting

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 453325
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/453325
ISSN: 2373-8227
PURE UUID: 6253fdf9-c18f-41b9-95e3-b9dc661fcc3a
ORCID for Jonathan R. Swann: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-6485-4529

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Date deposited: 12 Jan 2022 17:49
Last modified: 18 Mar 2024 03:56

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Author: Richard L. Guerrant
Author: David T. Bolick

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