A Paradigm for the Study of Paranoia in the General Population: The Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

Ellett, Lyn, Allen, Rhani, Stevens, Adele, Wildschut, Tim and Chadwick, Paul (2013) A Paradigm for the Study of Paranoia in the General Population: The Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 53-63. (doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.689757).

Abstract

A growing body of research shows that paranoia is common in the general population. We report three studies that examined the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) as a paradigm for evaluation of nonclinical paranoia. The PDG captures three key qualities that are at the heart of paranoia – it is interpersonal, it concerns threat, and it concerns the perception of others’ intentions towards the self. Study 1 (n=175) found that state paranoia was positively associated with selection of the competitive PDG choice. Study 2 (n=111) found that this association was significant only when participants believed they were playing the PDG against another person, and not when playing against a computer. This finding underscores the interpersonal nature of paranoia and the concomitant necessity of studying paranoia in interpersonal context. In Study 3 (n=152), we assessed both trait and state paranoia, and differentiated between distrust- and greed-based competition. Both trait and state paranoia were positively associated with distrust-based competition (but not with greed-based competition). Crucially, we found that the association between trait paranoia and distrust-based competition was fully mediated by state paranoia. The PDG is a promising paradigm for the study of nonclinical paranoia.

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Contributors

Author: Lyn Ellett

Author: Tim Wildschut

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