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Urine in Bioelectrochemical Systems: An Overall Review

Urine in Bioelectrochemical Systems: An Overall Review
Urine in Bioelectrochemical Systems: An Overall Review

In recent years, human urine has been successfully used as an electrolyte and organic substrate in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) mainly due of its unique properties. Urine contains organic compounds that can be utilised as a fuel for energy recovery in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and it has high nutrient concentrations including nitrogen and phosphorous that can be concentrated and recovered in microbial electrosynthesis cells and microbial concentration cells. Moreover, human urine has high solution conductivity, which reduces the ohmic losses of these systems, improving BES output. This review describes the most recent advances in BESs utilising urine. Properties of neat human urine used in state-of-the-art MFCs are described from basic to pilot-scale and real implementation. Utilisation of urine in other bioelectrochemical systems for nutrient recovery is also discussed including proofs of concept to scale up systems.

bioelectrochemical systems, microbial fuel cell, nitrogen, phosphorous, urine
1312-1331
Santoro, Carlo
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Garcia, Maria Jose Salar
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Walter, Xavier Alexis
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You, Jiseon
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Theodosiou, Pavlina
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Gajda, Iwona
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Obata, Oluwatosin
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Winfield, Jonathan
e81f4fad-1433-4c6a-9723-24a14f172896
Greenman, John
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Ieropoulos, Ioannis
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Santoro, Carlo
03549f6d-d57f-4d79-8bae-2d9271aa7371
Garcia, Maria Jose Salar
93b1ee1f-8d1f-4796-90d3-f76bb6a314d7
Walter, Xavier Alexis
67c83b61-76af-4e37-aec8-79ebc723b807
You, Jiseon
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Theodosiou, Pavlina
402c5cd6-b491-45d8-abfc-68221f1ef9f5
Gajda, Iwona
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Obata, Oluwatosin
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Winfield, Jonathan
e81f4fad-1433-4c6a-9723-24a14f172896
Greenman, John
eb3d9b82-7cac-4442-9301-f34884ae4a16
Ieropoulos, Ioannis
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Santoro, Carlo, Garcia, Maria Jose Salar, Walter, Xavier Alexis, You, Jiseon, Theodosiou, Pavlina, Gajda, Iwona, Obata, Oluwatosin, Winfield, Jonathan, Greenman, John and Ieropoulos, Ioannis (2020) Urine in Bioelectrochemical Systems: An Overall Review. ChemElectroChem, 7 (6), 1312-1331. (doi:10.1002/celc.201901995).

Record type: Review

Abstract

In recent years, human urine has been successfully used as an electrolyte and organic substrate in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) mainly due of its unique properties. Urine contains organic compounds that can be utilised as a fuel for energy recovery in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and it has high nutrient concentrations including nitrogen and phosphorous that can be concentrated and recovered in microbial electrosynthesis cells and microbial concentration cells. Moreover, human urine has high solution conductivity, which reduces the ohmic losses of these systems, improving BES output. This review describes the most recent advances in BESs utilising urine. Properties of neat human urine used in state-of-the-art MFCs are described from basic to pilot-scale and real implementation. Utilisation of urine in other bioelectrochemical systems for nutrient recovery is also discussed including proofs of concept to scale up systems.

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Published date: 16 March 2020
Additional Information: Funding Information: . Dr. Maria Jose Salar Garcia is a postdoctoral researcher at Bristol Bioenergy Centre (University of the West of England). She received her Ph.D in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain) in 2016 and was awarded with the extraordinary Ph.D award. After her Ph.D, she was funded by Seneca Foundation (Science and Technology Agency for the Region of Murcia) to conduct her research at Bristol BioEnergy Centre. Her research field focuses on the design and optimisation of Microbial Fuel Cells as well as the use of green solvents such as ionic liquids in membrane technology. These research lines have resulted in more than 40 scientific publications (h‐index: 13), 8 book chapters and 37 communications in both international and national congresses Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their support under the grant no. OPP1149065. M.J. Salar-Garcia is supported by Fundaci?n Seneca (Ref. 20372/PD/17) Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their support under the grant no. OPP1149065. M.J. Salar‐Garcia is supported by Fundación Seneca (Ref. 20372/PD/17) Funding Information: . Dr. Pavlina Theodosiou is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Bristol Bioenergy Centre (UWE, Bristol) working on the research and development of the PeePower technology. Her project is funded by OXFAM and focuses on implementing the PeePower in refugee camps and slums in the developing world. She has a background in Biological Sciences (BSc) and a PhD in Bioenergy and Self‐Sustainable Systems. Her PhD was funded by the European Commission under the project EVOBLISS (FP‐7). For her thesis she was working with the robotic platform EvoBot, a 3D‐printer turned to robot, which she used as an automated Robot‐Chemostat for culturing and maintaining Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). The improved MFCs powered the 2018 edition EcoBot‐II and for this work she was awarded the “Best Biology Paper” at the 6 Living Machines Conference th Funding Information: . Ioannis A. Ieropoulos is Professor of Bioenergy & Self‐Sustainable Systems and Founder and Director of the Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, UWE. He has an interest in waste utilisation and energy autonomy and produced the EcoBot family of robots and RowBot, which have their own MFC microbiome and operate completely devoid of conventional power sources. He has been an EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellow (2010‐2015) and is currently a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grantee on the “Urine‐tricity/PEE POWER” project, advancing the MFC technology for sanitation improvement in Developing World Countries. He leads projects, focusing on robotics, biodegradable & functional materials, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, and the European Commission (FP‐6, FP‐7 and H2020) with a focus on living architecture. He has published >100 peer reviewed journal papers, generated >£10 M of research income in the last 10 years and holds 2 patents on MFC stack development, configuration, modulation and control Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Keywords: bioelectrochemical systems, microbial fuel cell, nitrogen, phosphorous, urine

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 454008
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/454008
PURE UUID: 6d70a177-bec7-4491-8ca5-6706c0900ef8
ORCID for Ioannis Ieropoulos: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5504

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Date deposited: 27 Jan 2022 18:12
Last modified: 18 Mar 2024 04:04

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Contributors

Author: Carlo Santoro
Author: Maria Jose Salar Garcia
Author: Xavier Alexis Walter
Author: Jiseon You
Author: Pavlina Theodosiou
Author: Iwona Gajda
Author: Oluwatosin Obata
Author: Jonathan Winfield
Author: John Greenman

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