Permeability heterogeneity of sandstone intrusion fluid-escape systems, Panoche Hills, California: Implications for sedimentary basins globally
Permeability heterogeneity of sandstone intrusion fluid-escape systems, Panoche Hills, California: Implications for sedimentary basins globally
Natural surface gas seeps provide a significant input of greenhouse gas emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere. The gas flux is controlled by the properties of underlying fluid-escape conduits, which are present within sedimentary basins globally. These conduits permit pressure-driven fluid flow, hydraulically connecting deeper strata with the Earth’s surface; however they can only be fully resolved at sub-seismic scale. Here, a novel ‘minus cement and matrix permeability’ method using three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging enables the improved petrophysical linkage of outcrop and sub-surface data. The methodology is applied to the largest known outcrop of an inactive fluid-escape system, the Panoche Giant Intrusion Complex in Central California, where samples were collected along transects of the 600 to 800 m stratigraphic depth range to constrain porosity and permeability spatial heterogeneity. The presence of silica cement and clay matrix within the intergranular pores of sand intrusions are the primary control of porosity (17 to 27%) and permeability (≤1 to ca 500 mD) spatial heterogeneity within the outcrop analogue system. Following the digital removal of clay matrix and silica (opal-CT and quartz) cement derived from the mudstone host strata, the sand intrusions have porosity−permeability ranges of ca 30 to 40% and 10
3 to 10
4 mD. These calculations are closely comparable to active sub-surface systems in sedimentary basins. Field observations revealed that, at decreasing depth, the connected sand intrusion network reduces in thickness and becomes carbonate cemented, terminating at carbonate mounds formed from methane escape at the seafloor. A new conceptual model integrates the pore-scale calculations and field-scale observations to highlight the key processes that control sand intrusion permeability, spatially and temporally. The study demonstrates the control of matrix and cement addition on the physical properties of fluid-escape conduits, which has significance for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and modelling, as well as subsurface CO
2 and energy storage containment assessment.
Cementation, X-ray micro-CT, fluid flow, permeability, sandstone intrusion, seal bypass
2463-2485
Callow, Ben
15166203-d3e6-4b28-8369-e99e1bd00240
Falcon-Suarez, Ismael
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Bull, Jonathan
974037fd-544b-458f-98cc-ce8eca89e3c8
Gernon, Thomas
658041a0-fdd1-4516-85f4-98895a39235e
Ruffell, Sean
0c0c7440-18b3-4b8a-9d8c-a8fb8386d7c7
Grippa, Antonio
f8eaa53e-e5ac-4759-9c1e-27cfa56a5087
Hurst, Andrew
430a6936-b166-4cc3-9673-048e0ed371f9
October 2022
Callow, Ben
15166203-d3e6-4b28-8369-e99e1bd00240
Falcon-Suarez, Ismael
f5cdbc61-326b-424d-a90f-593a8698a4d2
Bull, Jonathan
974037fd-544b-458f-98cc-ce8eca89e3c8
Gernon, Thomas
658041a0-fdd1-4516-85f4-98895a39235e
Ruffell, Sean
0c0c7440-18b3-4b8a-9d8c-a8fb8386d7c7
Grippa, Antonio
f8eaa53e-e5ac-4759-9c1e-27cfa56a5087
Hurst, Andrew
430a6936-b166-4cc3-9673-048e0ed371f9
Callow, Ben, Falcon-Suarez, Ismael, Bull, Jonathan, Gernon, Thomas, Ruffell, Sean, Grippa, Antonio and Hurst, Andrew
(2022)
Permeability heterogeneity of sandstone intrusion fluid-escape systems, Panoche Hills, California: Implications for sedimentary basins globally.
Sedimentology, 69 (6), .
(doi:10.1111/sed.12997).
Abstract
Natural surface gas seeps provide a significant input of greenhouse gas emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere. The gas flux is controlled by the properties of underlying fluid-escape conduits, which are present within sedimentary basins globally. These conduits permit pressure-driven fluid flow, hydraulically connecting deeper strata with the Earth’s surface; however they can only be fully resolved at sub-seismic scale. Here, a novel ‘minus cement and matrix permeability’ method using three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging enables the improved petrophysical linkage of outcrop and sub-surface data. The methodology is applied to the largest known outcrop of an inactive fluid-escape system, the Panoche Giant Intrusion Complex in Central California, where samples were collected along transects of the 600 to 800 m stratigraphic depth range to constrain porosity and permeability spatial heterogeneity. The presence of silica cement and clay matrix within the intergranular pores of sand intrusions are the primary control of porosity (17 to 27%) and permeability (≤1 to ca 500 mD) spatial heterogeneity within the outcrop analogue system. Following the digital removal of clay matrix and silica (opal-CT and quartz) cement derived from the mudstone host strata, the sand intrusions have porosity−permeability ranges of ca 30 to 40% and 10
3 to 10
4 mD. These calculations are closely comparable to active sub-surface systems in sedimentary basins. Field observations revealed that, at decreasing depth, the connected sand intrusion network reduces in thickness and becomes carbonate cemented, terminating at carbonate mounds formed from methane escape at the seafloor. A new conceptual model integrates the pore-scale calculations and field-scale observations to highlight the key processes that control sand intrusion permeability, spatially and temporally. The study demonstrates the control of matrix and cement addition on the physical properties of fluid-escape conduits, which has significance for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and modelling, as well as subsurface CO
2 and energy storage containment assessment.
Text
Callow_et_al_2022_SED-2021-OM-119
- Accepted Manuscript
Text
Sedimentology - 2022 - Callow - Permeability heterogeneity of sandstone intrusion fluid‐escape systems Panoche Hills
- Accepted Manuscript
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 22 March 2022
e-pub ahead of print date: 5 April 2022
Published date: October 2022
Additional Information:
Funding Information:
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654462 (STEMM-CCS) and the Natural Environment Research Council (CHIMNEY; NE/N016130/1). We also thank the California Bureau of Land Management for facilitating access to the outcrop area. We acknowledge Diamond Light Source (Beamline I13-2; MT18758). We thank Sharif Ahmed, Hans Deyhle, Hector Marin-Moreno, Laurence North, Christina Reinhard, Shashi Marathe, Kaz Wanelik, Andrew Bodey, Matthew Beverley-Smith, Daniel Doran, Richard Pearce and the Diamond Support Scientists at I13-2 for their support. We acknowledge the use of the IRIDIS High Performance Computing Facility, μ-VIS X-Ray Imaging Centre, and the SEM facility at the University of Southampton. We acknowledge and thank the British Ocean Sediment Core Research Facility (BOSCORF). We also thank the FEI Visualization Sciences Group for providing the use of the Avizo 9.3.0 software for µCT image processing. Finally, we would like to sincerely thank Richard H. Worden and Thomas Seers for their constructive comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. The data set associated with this work is available online at https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D1441. Here we provide the raw and segmented µCT tomographic image data, and the associated image processing files.
Funding Information:
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654462 (STEMM‐CCS) and the Natural Environment Research Council (CHIMNEY; NE/N016130/1). We also thank the California Bureau of Land Management for facilitating access to the outcrop area. We acknowledge Diamond Light Source (Beamline I13‐2; MT18758). We thank Sharif Ahmed, Hans Deyhle, Hector Marin‐Moreno, Laurence North, Christina Reinhard, Shashi Marathe, Kaz Wanelik, Andrew Bodey, Matthew Beverley‐Smith, Daniel Doran, Richard Pearce and the Diamond Support Scientists at I13‐2 for their support. We acknowledge the use of the IRIDIS High Performance Computing Facility, μ‐VIS X‐Ray Imaging Centre, and the SEM facility at the University of Southampton. We acknowledge and thank the British Ocean Sediment Core Research Facility (BOSCORF). We also thank the FEI Visualization Sciences Group for providing the use of the Avizo 9.3.0 software for µCT image processing. Finally, we would like to sincerely thank Richard H. Worden and Thomas Seers for their constructive comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. The data set associated with this work is available online at https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D1441 . Here we provide the raw and segmented µCT tomographic image data, and the associated image processing files.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Sedimentology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Sedimentologists.
Keywords:
Cementation, X-ray micro-CT, fluid flow, permeability, sandstone intrusion, seal bypass
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 456206
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/456206
ISSN: 0037-0746
PURE UUID: 302a82d2-a1ff-472e-96d5-7ec9e4908e80
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Date deposited: 26 Apr 2022 17:03
Last modified: 09 Nov 2022 05:04
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Contributors
Author:
Ben Callow
Author:
Ismael Falcon-Suarez
Author:
Sean Ruffell
Author:
Antonio Grippa
Author:
Andrew Hurst
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