Exploring identity assurance as a complex system

Abstract

Personally identifying information (PII) are complex resources. Each item of PII, e.g., a fingerprint, holds a confidence-based utility that fuels identity assurance, i.e., processing fingerprints towards a desired confidence that a person is whom they claim. Each time we use an item of PII however, for identity assurance or otherwise, we inadvertently expose it to misuse. Exposure thus accumulates to deplete the confidence that may be extracted for subsequent identity assurance uses. Therefore, in terms of identity assurance, PII exhibit some of the properties of a commons, wherein resources are accessible to all, and whereby individual actions can affect the group. In this depiction of identity assurance, there is an underlying usage dilemma surrounding PII. This dilemma arises because coaxed by the affordance of the modern Web, PII of increasing veracity is being digitally exchanged, processed, and stored in ever-increasing volumes and varieties. Towards a novel sense of identity assurance as a commons-esque system, this work combines empirical and agent-based simulation methods to investigate PII exchange between individuals and organisations. First, by repurposing Elo’s (1979) ranking algorithm, I produce a unique user-centric measure of PII’s personal utility by ranking identifiers based on the quantification of (N =125) users’ willingness to disclose. These results also incorporate inter-contextual differences with a design spanning social, commercial and state-based contexts. Second, I qualitatively analyse 23 one-to-one semi-structured interviews regarding disclosure decisions. From this, I identify six super-ordinate classes of heuristics that users rely upon during disclosures: prominence, network, reliability, accordance, narrative, and modality, along with a seventh non-heuristics class; trade. Third, I combine my empirical results with theory to produce a dual-system decision model of users exchanging PII with organisations. Finally, I explore the dynamics of PII exchange via an agent-based simulation of my model that serves to illustrate the potential effect of interventions such as educating users or increasing competition. I show that our onus on disclosure self-management threatens the future efficacy of identity assurance methods.

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ORCID for David Millard: orcid.org/0000-0002-7512-2710

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