Models of morphogenesis : a study of the development of the nephric system in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract

The early development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and nephric duct all show basic similarities. They all start as an accumulation of somatic mesoderm cells, which then arrange themselves into a radial array. Specialised cell junctions, basement membranes, and a lumen all form, and then regional differences become apparent. The basic similarity, however, also extends to the metanephros of higher vertebrates. This indicates that vertebrate kidneys develop from a homologous population of cells. Regional and species-specific differences arise due to differences in environment (including inductive influences and temporal factors). Of special note is the difference in the mechanisms of nephric duct extension between urodele8 and anura.

A review shows that cell behaviour shown in vivo can also be seen in vitro, and quite complex morphogenesis in vitro can be produced. The Xeno pus kidney cell line used here, unfortunately, did not show any organised morphogenesis under any experimental conditions. Some useful information concerning the cytoskeleton was obtained from these cells and a salmon cell line. Thus, it was concluded that the 'microtrabecular lattice" is probably artefactual, and details of the connections between intermediate filaments, microfilaments and microtubules are discussed. The simple form of morphogenesis shown by the Xenopus cell line and normal kidney development were discussed in relation to a number of formal models of development.

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