Exploring the importance of early care-giving experiences on children’s socio-emotional functioning: the role of empathy

Abstract

This systematic review aims to examine the association between the quality of the parent-child relationship, as defined by attachment security, parental warmth, and parental sensitivity, and the development of empathy, specifically in toddlers (12 to 36 months) and pre-schoolers (3 to 6 years of age). Four databases were systematically searched (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, and Web of Science Core Collection) following a clear search strategy and inclusion criteria. Subsequently, abstracts were co-screened by two researchers before reviewing full-texts for suitability of inclusion. 16 articles were identified and critically appraised to understand the current picture of the research. On balance, the review highlights that the evidence-base exploring the association between child empathy and the quality of the parent-child relationship among toddlers and pre-schoolers is small and strikingly inconsistent. Put broadly, the most consistent associations were found in longitudinal studies with pre-schoolers where attachment security was linked with higher scores of empathy. Although links were found for parental sensitivity and warmth, the correlations tended to be modest. Few studies considered the potential mechanisms underlying the association between the quality of the parent-child relationship and empathy, however, two studies provided consistent evidence that emotion regulation is a mediator in this relationship. Overall, while the findings of this review suggest that a modest link exists between a broad range of indicators of the quality of the parent-child relationship and the development of empathy in toddlers and pre-schoolers, the relationship remains complex and not yet fully understood. Future research should look to use longitudinal and experimental designs (e.g., priming) to provide greater evidence for a causal link between the quality of the parent-child relationship and empathy.
“Yet, taught by time, my heart has learned to glow for others’ good, and melt at others’ woe.” Homer (8th Century BC)

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Identifiers

ORCID for Dennis Golm: orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-7935

ORCID for Jana Kreppner: orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-9083

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