READ ME File For 'Thermal Dependence of Hard Carbon Performance in Sodium Half-cells with 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC Electrolyte'

Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D2327

ReadMe Author: Bowen Liu, University of Southampton

This dataset supports the publication:
AUTHORS: Bowen Liu, Andrew L. Hector, Weronika O. Razmus, Richard G.A. Wills
TITLE: Thermal Dependence of Hard Carbon Performance in Sodium Half-cells with 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC Electrolyte
JOURNAL: Batteries
PAPER DOI: 

This dataset contains: The original data associated with each figure in the manuscript and supporting information. These figures are plotted using Microsoft Excel.


The figures are as follows:

Figure 1. (a) SEM micrograph, (b)XRD pattern, (c)Raman spectrum, (d)N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and (e)pore size distribution of the hard carbon used in this study.
Fig1b.txt: First column represents 2 theta degree and second column represents X-ray diffraction intensity.
Fig1c.txt: First column represents Raman shift and second column represents Raman scattering intensity.
Fig1d.txt: First column represents relative pressure and second column represents adsorption-desorption isotherms.
Fig1e.txt: First column represents pore wideth and second column represents incremental pore volume.

Figure 2. Variation in the conductivity of a 1 mol dm-3 NaClO4 in 1:1 EC/DEC electrolyte with temperature.
Fig2.txt: First column represents temperature and second column represents conductivity.

Figure 3. Equivalent circuit model of (a) fresh sodium half cells and (b) cycled sodium half cells cycled at 100 mA g-1 and (c) Nyquist plots of HC electrode at various temperature from 5 °C to 80 °C and frequency from 100 kHz to 0.1 HZ, with the high frequency part expanded in the inset.
Fig3.txt: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent Nyquist plots data of HC with increase temperature form 5 °C to 80 °C.

Figure 4. Oxidation specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 10 to 80 °C measured between 2 and 0.001V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
Fig4.txt: Colums from left to right represent the cycle number and oxidation specific capacity of HC with increase temperature in 20 cycles.

Figure 5. Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g-1 current for HC at the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th and 20th cycle at (a) 10 °C, (b) 25 °C (c) 60 °C and (d) 80 °C.
Fig5a.txt: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent HC battery at 10 °C with increasing cycle number.
Fig5b.txt: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent HC battery at 25 °C with increasing cycle number.
Fig5c.txt: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent HC battery at 60 °C with increasing cycle number.
Fig5d.txt: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent HC battery at 80 °C with increasing cycle number.

Figure 6. CV profile of HC at temperatures from 15 to 70 °C at 1 mV s-1 scan rate between 3 and 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na (a) 1st cycle and (b) 2nd cycle
Fig6a.txt: Each two columns show the voltage and current density in first cycle. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.
Fig6b.txt: Each two columns show the voltage and current density in second cycle. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.

Figure 7. Nyquist plots of HC electrode after different numbers of cycles at 100 mA g-1 (a) 10 °C, (b) 25 °C, (c) 40 °C and (d) 80 °C
Fig7a.txt: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent Nyquist plots data of HC at 10 °C with increase cycle number.
Fig7b.txt: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent Nyquist plots data of HC at 25 °C with increase cycle number.
Fig7c.txt: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent Nyquist plots data of HC at 40 °C with increase cycle number.
Fig7d.txt: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent Nyquist plots data of HC at 80 °C with increase cycle number.

Figure 8. Dependence of natural logarithm of the average Na+ diffusion coefficient on reciprocal temperature.
Fig8.txt: First column represents temperature and second column represents Na+ diffusion coefficient. 

Figure 9. (a) Rate capability of HC reduction capacity and Coulombic efficiency at different current density with various temperature at 25, 40 and 60 °C, (b) long-term cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of HC with 25 and 40 °C.
Fig9a.txt: First column represents cycle number and next each two columns represent oxidation specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency of HC. Colums from left to right represent HC battery with increase temperature. 
Fig9b.txt: First column represents cycle number. The next three columns represent reduction specific capacity, oxidation specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency of HC at 25 °C. The last three columns represent reduction specific capacity, oxidation specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency of HC at 40 °C

Figure S1: Aqueous KCl solution conductivity as function of reciprocal of resistance.
FigS1: First column represents concentration of KCl solution, second column represents reciprocal of resistance and third column represents standard conductivity.

Figure S3: Reduction specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 °C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS3: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent reduction specific capacity of HC with increase temperatures from 10 to 30 °C.

Figure S4: Oxidation specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 °C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS4: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent oxidation specific capacity of HC with increase temperatures from 10 to 30 °C.

Figure S5: Coulombic efficiency of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 °C cycled between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS5: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent Coulombic efficiency of HC with increase temperatures from 10 to 30 °C.

Figure S6: Reduction specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 °C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS6: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent reduction specific capacity of HC with increase temperatures from 40 to 80 °C.

Figure S7: Oxidation specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 °C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS7: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent oxidation specific capacity of HC with increase temperatures from 40 to 80 °C.

Figure S8: Coulombic efficiency of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 °C cycled between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g-1 in sodium half-cells.
FigS8: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent Coulombic efficiency of HC with increase temperatures from 40 to 80 °C.

Figure S10: Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g-1 current for HC at the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th and 20th cycle at 40 °C.
FigS10: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent HC battery at 40 °C with increasing cycle number.

Figure S11: CV profile of the 5th cycle of HC at temperatures from 15 to 70 °C at 1 mV s-1 scan rate between 3 and 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na.
FigS11: Each two columns show the voltage and current density in fifth cycle. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.

Figure S12: CV profile of the 10th cycle of HC at temperatures from 15 to 70 °C at 1 mV s-1 scan rate between 3 and 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na.
FigS12: Each two columns show the voltage and current density in tenth cycle. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.

Figure S13: The relationship between Zre and ω -1/2 at low frequency with freshly prepared cells at 10, 25, 40 and 80 °C 
FigS13: Each two columns show the real part impedance and reciprocal of root of frequency from fresh cell. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.

Figure S14: The relationship between Zre and ω -1/2 at low frequency with cycled 19 times cells at 10, 25, 40 and 80 °C.
FigS14: Each two columns show the real part impedance and reciprocal of root of frequency after 19 cycles. Columns from left to right represent HC battery with increasing tempearture.

Figure S15: Na ion diffusion coefficients after 19 cycles at temperatures from 10 to 80 °C.
FigS15: First column represents temperature and second column represents Na+ diffusion coefficient. 

Figure S16: Dependence of the natural logarithm of the Na+ diffusion coefficient on reciprocal temperature.
FigS16: First column represents reciprocal of temperature in Kelvin and second column represents Na+ diffusion coefficient. 

Figure S17: Rate capability of HC reduction capacity at different current densities and at temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 °C.
FigS17: First column represents cycle number. Next colunms from left to right represent reduction specific capacity of HC with increase temperatures.

Figure S18: Nyquist plots of HC electrode after different numbers of cycles at 25 °C long-term cycling.
FigS18: Each two colums show the real part impedance and negative imaginary part impedance. Colums from left to right represent 1st, 5th, 10th, 20th, 50th, 100th, 150th and 200th cycle.

Figure S19: Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g-1 current for HC at the 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 25 °C.
FigS19: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 25 °C.

Figure S20: Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g-1 current for HC at the 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 40 °C.
FigS20: Each four columns show the voltage and specific capacity for reduction and oxidation. Columns from left to right represent 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 40 °C.



Geographic location of data collection: University of Southampton, U.K.


Related projects:Thermal Dependence of Hard Carbon Performance in Sodium Half-cells with 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC Electrolyte


Dataset available under a CC BY 4.0 licence


Publisher: University of Southampton, U.K.


Date: August, 2022