The University of Southampton
University of Southampton Institutional Repository

Rare pathogenic variants in WNK3 cause X-linked intellectual disability

Rare pathogenic variants in WNK3 cause X-linked intellectual disability
Rare pathogenic variants in WNK3 cause X-linked intellectual disability

Purpose: WNK3 kinase (PRKWNK3) has been implicated in the development and function of the brain via its regulation of the cation-chloride cotransporters, but the role of WNK3 in human development is unknown. Method: We ascertained exome or genome sequences of individuals with rare familial or sporadic forms of intellectual disability (ID). Results: We identified a total of 6 different maternally-inherited, hemizygous, 3 loss-of-function or 3 pathogenic missense variants (p.Pro204Arg, p.Leu300Ser, p.Glu607Val) in WNK3 in 14 male individuals from 6 unrelated families. Affected individuals had ID with variable presence of epilepsy and structural brain defects. WNK3 variants cosegregated with the disease in 3 different families with multiple affected individuals. This included 1 large family previously diagnosed with X-linked Prieto syndrome. WNK3 pathogenic missense variants localize to the catalytic domain and impede the inhibitory phosphorylation of the neuronal-specific chloride cotransporter KCC2 at threonine 1007, a site critically regulated during the development of synaptic inhibition. Conclusion: Pathogenic WNK3 variants cause a rare form of human X-linked ID with variable epilepsy and structural brain abnormalities and implicate impaired phospho-regulation of KCC2 as a pathogenic mechanism.

Exome sequencing, KCC2, Neurodevelopmental disease, WNK3, X-linked intellectual disability
1098-3600
1941-1951
Küry, Sébastien
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Zhang, Jinwei
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Pérez-Peña, Helena
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Akhtar Rizvi, Syed Raza
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Haider, Shozeb
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Antonarakis, Stylianos E
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Martínez, Francisco
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Bézieau, Stéphane
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Kahle, Kristopher T
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Isidor, Bertrand
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Küry, Sébastien
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Zhang, Jinwei
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Besnard, Thomas
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Josiah, Sunday S
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Kiziltug, Emre
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Denommé-Pichon, Anne-Sophie
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Cogné, Benjamin
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Torti, Erin
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Grozeva, Detelina
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Coury, Stephanie A
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Blanc, Xavier
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Pérez-Peña, Helena
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Akhtar Rizvi, Syed Raza
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Haider, Shozeb
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Kahle, Kristopher T
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Isidor, Bertrand
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Küry, Sébastien, Zhang, Jinwei, Besnard, Thomas, Caro-Llopis, Alfonso, Zeng, Xue, Robert, Stephanie M, Josiah, Sunday S, Kiziltug, Emre, Denommé-Pichon, Anne-Sophie, Cogné, Benjamin, Kundishora, Adam J, Hao, Le T, Li, Hong, Stevenson, Roger E, Louie, Raymond J, Deb, Wallid, Torti, Erin, Vignard, Virginie, McWalter, Kirsty, Raymond, F Lucy, Rajabi, Farrah, Ranza, Emmanuelle, Grozeva, Detelina, Coury, Stephanie A, Blanc, Xavier, Brischoux-Boucher, Elise, Keren, Boris, Õunap, Katrin, Reinson, Karit, Ilves, Pilvi, Wentzensen, Ingrid M, Barr, Eileen E, Guihard, Solveig Heide, Charles, Perrine, Seaby, Eleanor G, Monaghan, Kristin G, Rio, Marlène, van Bever, Yolande, van Slegtenhorst, Marjon, Chung, Wendy K, Wilson, Ashley, Quinquis, Delphine, Bréhéret, Flora, Retterer, Kyle, Lindenbaum, Pierre, Scalais, Emmanuel, Rhodes, Lindsay, Stouffs, Katrien, Pereira, Elaine M, Berger, Sara M, Milla, Sarah S, Jaykumar, Ankita B, Cobb, Melanie H, Panchagnula, Shreyas, Duy, Phan Q, Vincent, Marie, Mercier, Sandra, Gilbert-Dussardier, Brigitte, Le Guillou, Xavier, Audebert-Bellanger, Séverine, Odent, Sylvie, Schmitt, Sébastien, Boisseau, Pierre, Bonneau, Dominique, Toutain, Annick, Colin, Estelle, Pasquier, Laurent, Redon, Richard, Bouman, Arjan, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Friez, Michael J, Pérez-Peña, Helena, Akhtar Rizvi, Syed Raza, Haider, Shozeb, Antonarakis, Stylianos E, Schwartz, Charles E, Martínez, Francisco, Bézieau, Stéphane, Kahle, Kristopher T and Isidor, Bertrand (2022) Rare pathogenic variants in WNK3 cause X-linked intellectual disability. Genetics in Medicine, 24 (9), 1941-1951. (doi:10.1016/j.gim.2022.05.009).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Purpose: WNK3 kinase (PRKWNK3) has been implicated in the development and function of the brain via its regulation of the cation-chloride cotransporters, but the role of WNK3 in human development is unknown. Method: We ascertained exome or genome sequences of individuals with rare familial or sporadic forms of intellectual disability (ID). Results: We identified a total of 6 different maternally-inherited, hemizygous, 3 loss-of-function or 3 pathogenic missense variants (p.Pro204Arg, p.Leu300Ser, p.Glu607Val) in WNK3 in 14 male individuals from 6 unrelated families. Affected individuals had ID with variable presence of epilepsy and structural brain defects. WNK3 variants cosegregated with the disease in 3 different families with multiple affected individuals. This included 1 large family previously diagnosed with X-linked Prieto syndrome. WNK3 pathogenic missense variants localize to the catalytic domain and impede the inhibitory phosphorylation of the neuronal-specific chloride cotransporter KCC2 at threonine 1007, a site critically regulated during the development of synaptic inhibition. Conclusion: Pathogenic WNK3 variants cause a rare form of human X-linked ID with variable epilepsy and structural brain abnormalities and implicate impaired phospho-regulation of KCC2 as a pathogenic mechanism.

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Accepted/In Press date: 11 May 2022
e-pub ahead of print date: 9 June 2022
Published date: September 2022
Additional Information: Funding Information: We would like to thank all the participating families for participating in this study. This work was granted by the French network of University Hospitals HUGO (“Hôpitaux Universitaires du Grand Ouest”); the French Ministry of Health; and the Health Regional Agencies from Poitou-Charentes (represented by Frédérique Allaire), Bretagne, Pays de la Loire, and Centre-Val de Loire (HUGODIMS, 2013, RC14_0107). W.K.C. was supported by grants from Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, United States and the JPB Foundation, United States. This study is part of the GEM EXCELL, a network of excellence in genetics and genomics embedded in the French network of University Hospitals HUGO (“Hôpitaux Universitaires du Grand Ouest”). This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council, Estonia grant PRG471 (K.Õ. and K.R.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China numbers. 81970238 and 82170406 (J.Z.), and The Royal Society UK, United Kingdom number IEC∖NSFC∖201094 (J.Z.). The Broad Institute Center for Mendelian Genomics, United States (UM1 HG008900) is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, United States with supplemental funding provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States under the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and the National Eye Institute, United States. R.E.S. R.J.L. M.J.F. and C.E.S. were funded, in part, by a grant from the South Carolina Department of Disabilities and Special Needs (SCDDSN) and another grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, United States (NINDS; R01NS073854). Conceptualization: S.K. B.I. K.T.K. J.Z.; Data Curation: S.K. J.Z. T.B. A.C.-L. X.Z. S.M.R. S.S.J. E.K. A.-S.D.-P. B.C. A.J.K. L.T.H. H.L. R.E.S. R.J.L. W.D. E.T. V.V. K.M. F.L.R. F.R. E.R. D.G. S.A.C. X.B. E.B.-B. B.K. K.Õ. K.R. P.I. I.M.W. E.E.B. S.H.G. P.C. E.G.S. K.G.M. M.R. Y.v.B. M.v.S. W.K.C. A.W. D.Q. F.B. K.R. P.L. E.S. L.R. K.S. E.M.P. S.M.B. S.S.M, A.B.J. M.H.C. S.P. P.Q.D. M.V. S.M. B.G.-D. X.L.G. S.A.-B. S.O. S.S. P.B. D.B. A.T. E.C. L.P. R.R. A.B. J.A.R. M.J.F. H.P.-P. S.R.A.R. S.H. S.E.A. C.E.S. F.M. S.B. K.T.K. B.I.; Methodology: S.K. B.I. K.T.K. J.Z.; Writing-original draft: S.K. B.I. K.T.K. J.Z.; Writing-review and editing: S.K. J.Z. T.B. A.C.-L. X.Z. S.M.R. S.S.J. E.K. A.-S.D.-P. B.C. A.J.K. L.T.H. H.L. R.E.S. R.J.L. W.D. E.T. V.V. K.M. F.L.R. F.R. E.R. D.G. S.A.C. X.B. E.B.-B. B.K. K.Õ. K.R. P.I. I.M.W. E.E.B. S.H.G. P.C. E.G.S. K.G.M. M.R. Y.v.B. M.v.S. W.K.C. A.W. D.Q. F.B. K.R. P.L. E.S. L.R. K.S. E.M.P. S.M.B. S.S.M, A.B.J. M.H.C. S.P. P.Q.D. M.V. S.M. B.G.-D. X.L.G. S.A.-B. S.O. S.S. P.B. D.B. A.T. E.C. L.P. R.R. A.B. J.A.R. M.J.F. H.P.-P. S.R.A.R. S.H. S.E.A. C.E.S. F.M. S.B. K.T.K. B.I. Written informed consent was obtained for use of medical history, genetic testing report, and imaging (if applicable), as approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Hospital Center (CHU) of Nantes. Allen Institute for Brain Science. BrainSpan. Accessed on May 10, 2022. www.brainspan.org, University of Washington, Hudson-Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, and Berlin Institute of Health. Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD). Accessed on May 10, 2022. https://cadd.gs.washington.edu/, National Center for Biotechnology Information. dbSNP. Accessed on May 10, 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/, BHCMG Centers for Mendelian Genomics network. Accessed on May 10, 2022. GeneMatcher, https://genematcher.org/, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. GTEx portal. Accessed on May 10, 2022. https://gtexportal.org/home/gene/WNK3, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. gnomAD. Accessed on May 10, 2022. http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/, Radboudumc. MetaDome. Accessed on May 10, 2022. https://stuart.radboudumc.nl/metadome/, The University of Melbourne. Missense Tolerance Ratio Gene Viewer. Accessed on May 10, 2022. http://mtr-viewer.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/, Montpellier University Hospital. MobiDetails. Accessed on May 10, 2022. https://mobidetails.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/MD/, Johns Hopkins University. OMIM. Accessed on May 10, 2022. http://www.omim.org/, Rutgers University, University of California San Diego, University of California San Francisco, and San Diego Supercomputer Center. Protein Data Bank. Accessed on May 10, 2022. https://www.rcsb.org/ Funding Information: We would like to thank all the participating families for participating in this study. This work was granted by the French network of University Hospitals HUGO (“Hôpitaux Universitaires du Grand Ouest”); the French Ministry of Health; and the Health Regional Agencies from Poitou-Charentes (represented by Frédérique Allaire), Bretagne, Pays de la Loire, and Centre-Val de Loire (HUGODIMS, 2013, RC14_0107). W.K.C. was supported by grants from Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, United States and the JPB Foundation, United States . This study is part of the GEM EXCELL, a network of excellence in genetics and genomics embedded in the French network of University Hospitals HUGO (“Hôpitaux Universitaires du Grand Ouest”). This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council, Estonia grant PRG471 (K.Õ. and K.R.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China numbers. 81970238 and 82170406 (J.Z.), and The Royal Society UK, United Kingdom number IEC∖NSFC∖201094 (J.Z.). The Broad Institute Center for Mendelian Genomics, United States (UM1 HG008900) is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, United States with supplemental funding provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States under the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and the National Eye Institute, United States . R.E.S., R.J.L., M.J.F., and C.E.S. were funded, in part, by a grant from the South Carolina Department of Disabilities and Special Needs (SCDDSN) and another grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, United States (NINDS; R01NS073854). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics
Keywords: Exome sequencing, KCC2, Neurodevelopmental disease, WNK3, X-linked intellectual disability

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 469160
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/469160
ISSN: 1098-3600
PURE UUID: 331c453d-6af1-4e88-9e04-d073a72c2900
ORCID for Eleanor G Seaby: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-6814-8648

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Date deposited: 08 Sep 2022 16:31
Last modified: 17 Mar 2024 07:24

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Contributors

Author: Sébastien Küry
Author: Jinwei Zhang
Author: Thomas Besnard
Author: Alfonso Caro-Llopis
Author: Xue Zeng
Author: Stephanie M Robert
Author: Sunday S Josiah
Author: Emre Kiziltug
Author: Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
Author: Benjamin Cogné
Author: Adam J Kundishora
Author: Le T Hao
Author: Hong Li
Author: Roger E Stevenson
Author: Raymond J Louie
Author: Wallid Deb
Author: Erin Torti
Author: Virginie Vignard
Author: Kirsty McWalter
Author: F Lucy Raymond
Author: Farrah Rajabi
Author: Emmanuelle Ranza
Author: Detelina Grozeva
Author: Stephanie A Coury
Author: Xavier Blanc
Author: Elise Brischoux-Boucher
Author: Boris Keren
Author: Katrin Õunap
Author: Karit Reinson
Author: Pilvi Ilves
Author: Ingrid M Wentzensen
Author: Eileen E Barr
Author: Solveig Heide Guihard
Author: Perrine Charles
Author: Eleanor G Seaby ORCID iD
Author: Kristin G Monaghan
Author: Marlène Rio
Author: Yolande van Bever
Author: Marjon van Slegtenhorst
Author: Wendy K Chung
Author: Ashley Wilson
Author: Delphine Quinquis
Author: Flora Bréhéret
Author: Kyle Retterer
Author: Pierre Lindenbaum
Author: Emmanuel Scalais
Author: Lindsay Rhodes
Author: Katrien Stouffs
Author: Elaine M Pereira
Author: Sara M Berger
Author: Sarah S Milla
Author: Ankita B Jaykumar
Author: Melanie H Cobb
Author: Shreyas Panchagnula
Author: Phan Q Duy
Author: Marie Vincent
Author: Sandra Mercier
Author: Brigitte Gilbert-Dussardier
Author: Xavier Le Guillou
Author: Séverine Audebert-Bellanger
Author: Sylvie Odent
Author: Sébastien Schmitt
Author: Pierre Boisseau
Author: Dominique Bonneau
Author: Annick Toutain
Author: Estelle Colin
Author: Laurent Pasquier
Author: Richard Redon
Author: Arjan Bouman
Author: Jill A Rosenfeld
Author: Michael J Friez
Author: Helena Pérez-Peña
Author: Syed Raza Akhtar Rizvi
Author: Shozeb Haider
Author: Stylianos E Antonarakis
Author: Charles E Schwartz
Author: Francisco Martínez
Author: Stéphane Bézieau
Author: Kristopher T Kahle
Author: Bertrand Isidor

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