The University of Southampton
University of Southampton Institutional Repository

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.

0140-6736
1260-1344
Hay, Simon I.
fcd209e8-a353-43ad-8ffd-7c7d10c191e0
Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu
f6ab2e9e-cc17-46c2-90cc-c5cad8df8cad
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen
935c9eac-ed9b-4b30-88a0-4d44a4a88f31
Abbafati, Cristiana
521168a7-4836-42f0-b082-7b21c8093724
Abbas, Kaja M.
43cf5abc-77b4-4aea-809d-b9b4f0e48b17
Abd-Allah, Foad
67ee336c-84ba-4ff1-9324-28a02b45412e
Abdulle, Abdishakur M.
c67dc603-c99e-423d-ba5d-4025a86c4a8b
Abebo, Teshome Abuka
6503ee80-cee8-4822-819e-b144e2db95d8
Abera, Semaw Ferede
f04707db-82a9-4679-9666-8084b8fd377e
Aboyans, Victor
49a8cbaa-c577-4047-90af-3cdae75aa1f5
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
2b74ec9a-c7fa-4430-8688-4583a202ba72
Ackerman, Ilana N.
be9e384e-9c02-41bb-ac5d-66fda7a18565
Adedeji, Isaac A.
459d3706-aa1f-4fc7-a872-5a8071512bb5
Adetokunboh, Olatunji
f80bd9b5-5b52-4f3e-9a3d-2cfb4ee24ab1
Afshin, Ashkan
0cdfa673-855e-484f-9d48-4dcfe0d1a59c
Aggarwal, Rakesh
aa22d7d3-3879-4635-b280-9b34b8113ad0
Agrawal, Sutapa
188691a9-f0cb-4849-8c64-83e151b4d3b5
Agrawal, Anurag
f7d3c8c9-b6ff-4260-b8b1-2aad8fa116b0
Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad
5310a3bd-3aff-4af6-b2ab-35c6cab19a99
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
e1af2a0d-079f-4e56-b325-714bc9b1e318
Aichour, Amani Nidhal
40a1d3eb-52b8-4099-9390-9b84a4ee1cd4
Aichour, Ibtihel
1ce5c6f5-fd93-4665-b65f-a261be5adfe9
Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine
5304d503-ec48-4f2d-9dcf-f05f66588cc4
Aiyar, Sneha
f4a66815-f292-4374-a7bd-035b73bf9194
Akinyemiju, Tomi F.
c70b01a9-1434-4611-9dd5-be253673431e
Akseer, Nadia
6e709c6f-ae2a-48fd-851f-dd9d8a205080
Al Lami, Faris Hasan
47adcfce-4583-4d16-8023-c86f5488b9db
Alahdab, Fares
f446c0b7-f9d5-48f7-9053-40243513997a
Al-Aly, Ziyad
99c680ae-f71e-475f-90b8-736dc2333782
Alam, Khurshid
3d76f8f9-aa4b-43e5-883a-a34d532a29f3
Alam, Noore
3ae9ef04-19e1-4c74-ae78-0eb4f0f9437e
Alam, Tahiya
a2c07547-9702-4a83-b1f5-1a0409c5a97c
Alasfoor, Deena
a52d751e-5a88-4a8f-a948-211ef2d07b27
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
78ffc0e2-0a0e-4bc6-94ee-989bf0d3a5b1
Ali, Raghib
6ba6761f-3786-4b42-9cca-a7a36e57175f
Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza
ff6dd2ff-3d80-43cb-942d-f3659a14dd91
Bennett, James R.
3e4dbfab-da39-4b3c-86d5-f52bf398d3ea
Cooper, Cyrus
e05f5612-b493-4273-9b71-9e0ce32bdad6
Fernandes, João C.
03326cb4-3918-4bde-94d7-ba3b2eea718e
Gething, Peter W.
2cacb985-6234-4d1f-9aa1-1dc7bee7da14
Johnson, Sarah Charlotte
4d715d01-3dca-4790-a476-b080f96c2ce8
Li, Yongmei
6f8c9db1-1fc7-4cde-a515-2d5944524959
Lim, Stephen S.
99ad2619-c72c-4c23-a352-33f473f1a30f
Liu, Yang
511575d6-8bac-4803-b678-530e216077d1
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
f55a7a1e-04d9-44fe-9253-3044ffdb4b3b
Robinson, Stephen R.
7a6999c0-13e3-431e-9f5e-3fd5edbc13f2
Salomon, Joshua A.
af51ebe8-275d-44a2-9bc6-2afc10a09d7c
Smith, David L.
5c918948-ded2-42d8-82c1-a746a4bc3b6e
Thompson, Robert
876b3990-a614-497c-9f0b-1c57d4eba716
Wang, Yuan Pang
808adb94-39f1-49c1-beac-b2b850c9fa14
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators
Hay, Simon I.
fcd209e8-a353-43ad-8ffd-7c7d10c191e0
Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu
f6ab2e9e-cc17-46c2-90cc-c5cad8df8cad
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen
935c9eac-ed9b-4b30-88a0-4d44a4a88f31
Abbafati, Cristiana
521168a7-4836-42f0-b082-7b21c8093724
Abbas, Kaja M.
43cf5abc-77b4-4aea-809d-b9b4f0e48b17
Abd-Allah, Foad
67ee336c-84ba-4ff1-9324-28a02b45412e
Abdulle, Abdishakur M.
c67dc603-c99e-423d-ba5d-4025a86c4a8b
Abebo, Teshome Abuka
6503ee80-cee8-4822-819e-b144e2db95d8
Abera, Semaw Ferede
f04707db-82a9-4679-9666-8084b8fd377e
Aboyans, Victor
49a8cbaa-c577-4047-90af-3cdae75aa1f5
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
2b74ec9a-c7fa-4430-8688-4583a202ba72
Ackerman, Ilana N.
be9e384e-9c02-41bb-ac5d-66fda7a18565
Adedeji, Isaac A.
459d3706-aa1f-4fc7-a872-5a8071512bb5
Adetokunboh, Olatunji
f80bd9b5-5b52-4f3e-9a3d-2cfb4ee24ab1
Afshin, Ashkan
0cdfa673-855e-484f-9d48-4dcfe0d1a59c
Aggarwal, Rakesh
aa22d7d3-3879-4635-b280-9b34b8113ad0
Agrawal, Sutapa
188691a9-f0cb-4849-8c64-83e151b4d3b5
Agrawal, Anurag
f7d3c8c9-b6ff-4260-b8b1-2aad8fa116b0
Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad
5310a3bd-3aff-4af6-b2ab-35c6cab19a99
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
e1af2a0d-079f-4e56-b325-714bc9b1e318
Aichour, Amani Nidhal
40a1d3eb-52b8-4099-9390-9b84a4ee1cd4
Aichour, Ibtihel
1ce5c6f5-fd93-4665-b65f-a261be5adfe9
Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine
5304d503-ec48-4f2d-9dcf-f05f66588cc4
Aiyar, Sneha
f4a66815-f292-4374-a7bd-035b73bf9194
Akinyemiju, Tomi F.
c70b01a9-1434-4611-9dd5-be253673431e
Akseer, Nadia
6e709c6f-ae2a-48fd-851f-dd9d8a205080
Al Lami, Faris Hasan
47adcfce-4583-4d16-8023-c86f5488b9db
Alahdab, Fares
f446c0b7-f9d5-48f7-9053-40243513997a
Al-Aly, Ziyad
99c680ae-f71e-475f-90b8-736dc2333782
Alam, Khurshid
3d76f8f9-aa4b-43e5-883a-a34d532a29f3
Alam, Noore
3ae9ef04-19e1-4c74-ae78-0eb4f0f9437e
Alam, Tahiya
a2c07547-9702-4a83-b1f5-1a0409c5a97c
Alasfoor, Deena
a52d751e-5a88-4a8f-a948-211ef2d07b27
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
78ffc0e2-0a0e-4bc6-94ee-989bf0d3a5b1
Ali, Raghib
6ba6761f-3786-4b42-9cca-a7a36e57175f
Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza
ff6dd2ff-3d80-43cb-942d-f3659a14dd91
Bennett, James R.
3e4dbfab-da39-4b3c-86d5-f52bf398d3ea
Cooper, Cyrus
e05f5612-b493-4273-9b71-9e0ce32bdad6
Fernandes, João C.
03326cb4-3918-4bde-94d7-ba3b2eea718e
Gething, Peter W.
2cacb985-6234-4d1f-9aa1-1dc7bee7da14
Johnson, Sarah Charlotte
4d715d01-3dca-4790-a476-b080f96c2ce8
Li, Yongmei
6f8c9db1-1fc7-4cde-a515-2d5944524959
Lim, Stephen S.
99ad2619-c72c-4c23-a352-33f473f1a30f
Liu, Yang
511575d6-8bac-4803-b678-530e216077d1
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
f55a7a1e-04d9-44fe-9253-3044ffdb4b3b
Robinson, Stephen R.
7a6999c0-13e3-431e-9f5e-3fd5edbc13f2
Salomon, Joshua A.
af51ebe8-275d-44a2-9bc6-2afc10a09d7c
Smith, David L.
5c918948-ded2-42d8-82c1-a746a4bc3b6e
Thompson, Robert
876b3990-a614-497c-9f0b-1c57d4eba716
Wang, Yuan Pang
808adb94-39f1-49c1-beac-b2b850c9fa14

GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 390 (10100), 1260-1344. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32130-X).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.

This record has no associated files available for download.

More information

Published date: 16 September 2017
Additional Information: Funding Information: Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845), and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or the National Institutes of Health. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with licence number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law - 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. We thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, RLMS-HSE, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO “Demoscope” together with the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Institute of Sociology RAS for making these data available. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation from the Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine. This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (contract number N01-HC-25195). The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This research used data from the National Health Survey 2003. We are grateful to the Ministry of Health, Survey copyright owner, allowing him to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. This research used data from the National Health Survey 2009–10. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. This research uses data from Add Health, a programme project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. People interested in obtaining data files from Add Health should contact Add Health, Carolina Population Center, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA ( addhealth@unc.edu ). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the US Renal Data System (USRDS). The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the author(s) and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. HBSC is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The International Coordinator of the 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2009–10 surveys was Candace Currie and the Data Bank Manager for the 1997–98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following survey, Oddrun Samdal was the Databank Manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found at http://www.hbsc.org . Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials (PRO-ACT) Database. In 2011, Prize4Life, in collaboration with the Northeast ALS Consortium, and with funding from the ALS Therapy Alliance, formed the Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials (PRO-ACT) Consortium. The data available in the PRO-ACT Database has been volunteered by PRO-ACT Consortium members. This paper uses data from SHARE Waves 1, 2, 3 (SHARELIFE), 4, 5, and 6 (DOIs: 10.6103/SHARE.w1.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w2.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w3.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w4.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w5.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w6.600); see Börsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been primarily funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), and FP7 (SHARE-PREP: 211909, SHARE-LEAP: 227822, SHARE M4: 261982). Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged (see www.share-project.org ). This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI). This manuscript was not prepared in collaboration with investigators of IVI and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of IVI. Collection of these data was made possible by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the US Government. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 471208
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/471208
ISSN: 0140-6736
PURE UUID: c99549ed-4bfb-4fde-8584-b387fb6e77dc
ORCID for Cyrus Cooper: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3510-0709

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 31 Oct 2022 18:02
Last modified: 16 Aug 2024 01:36

Export record

Altmetrics

Contributors

Author: Simon I. Hay
Author: Amanuel Alemu Abajobir
Author: Kalkidan Hassen Abate
Author: Cristiana Abbafati
Author: Kaja M. Abbas
Author: Foad Abd-Allah
Author: Abdishakur M. Abdulle
Author: Teshome Abuka Abebo
Author: Semaw Ferede Abera
Author: Victor Aboyans
Author: Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Author: Ilana N. Ackerman
Author: Isaac A. Adedeji
Author: Olatunji Adetokunboh
Author: Ashkan Afshin
Author: Rakesh Aggarwal
Author: Sutapa Agrawal
Author: Anurag Agrawal
Author: Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri
Author: Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Author: Amani Nidhal Aichour
Author: Ibtihel Aichour
Author: Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour
Author: Sneha Aiyar
Author: Tomi F. Akinyemiju
Author: Nadia Akseer
Author: Faris Hasan Al Lami
Author: Fares Alahdab
Author: Ziyad Al-Aly
Author: Khurshid Alam
Author: Noore Alam
Author: Tahiya Alam
Author: Deena Alasfoor
Author: Kefyalew Addis Alene
Author: Raghib Ali
Author: Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
Author: James R. Bennett
Author: Cyrus Cooper ORCID iD
Author: João C. Fernandes
Author: Peter W. Gething
Author: Sarah Charlotte Johnson
Author: Yongmei Li
Author: Stephen S. Lim
Author: Yang Liu
Author: Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Author: Stephen R. Robinson
Author: Joshua A. Salomon
Author: David L. Smith
Author: Robert Thompson
Author: Yuan Pang Wang
Corporate Author: GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators

Download statistics

Downloads from ePrints over the past year. Other digital versions may also be available to download e.g. from the publisher's website.

View more statistics

Atom RSS 1.0 RSS 2.0

Contact ePrints Soton: eprints@soton.ac.uk

ePrints Soton supports OAI 2.0 with a base URL of http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/cgi/oai2

This repository has been built using EPrints software, developed at the University of Southampton, but available to everyone to use.

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue without changing your settings, we will assume that you are happy to receive cookies on the University of Southampton website.

×