Photonic lanterns, 3-D waveguides, multiplane light conversion, and other components that enable space-division multiplexing

Abstract

Four-mode multiplexing and manipulation technologies are reviewed in the context of space-division multiplexing (SDM) optical communication systems. These are multiplane light conversion (MPLC), fused fiber devices, such as photonic lanterns and tapered fiber bundles, 3-D waveguides fabricated using ultrafast laser inscription, and free-space imaging systems. Each device has its unique strengths and use cases. MPLC can create very complex transformations between two arbitrary sets of spatial modes and leverages mature gray-scale lithographic techniques. Photonic lanterns and tapered fiber bundles are all-fiber devices that can convert beams on single-mode fiber inputs into spatial modes. The all-fiber construction leads to very low losses and high-power handling. 3-D waveguides are inscribed into a glass block using ultrashort lasers and can arbitrarily route light in 3-D. Finally, free-space systems using lenses can also relay many multicore and multimode beams through a single free-space device, such as a thin film filter or an optical isolator. These four technologies have enabled hero transmission experiments in the multimode, multicore, and multimode fiber.

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Identifiers

ORCID for Yongmin Jung: orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-4372

ORCID for David J. Richardson: orcid.org/0000-0002-7751-1058

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