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Hot vents beneath an icy ocean: the Aurora Vent Field, Gakkel Ridge, revealed

Hot vents beneath an icy ocean: the Aurora Vent Field, Gakkel Ridge, revealed
Hot vents beneath an icy ocean: the Aurora Vent Field, Gakkel Ridge, revealed
Evidence of hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean has been available since 2001, with first visual evidence of black smokers on the Aurora Vent Field obtained in 2014. But it was not until 2021 that the first ever remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives to hydrothermal vents under permanent ice cover in the Arctic were conducted, enabling the collection of vent fluids, rocks, microbes, and fauna. In this paper, we present the methods employed for deep-sea ROV operations under drifting ice. We also provide the first description of the Aurora Vent Field, which includes three actively venting black smokers and diffuse flow on the Aurora mound at ~3,888 m depth on the southern part of the Gakkel Ridge (82.5°N). The biological communities are dominated by a new species of cocculinid limpet, two small gastropods, and a melitid amphipod. The ongoing analyses of Aurora Vent Field samples will contribute to positioning the Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal vents in the global biogeographic puzzle of hydrothermal vents.
1042-8275
Ramirez-llodra, Eva
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Argentino, Claudio
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Baker, Maria
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Costa, Carolina
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Dahle, Håkon
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Eilertsen, Mari
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Ferre, Benedicte
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German, Christopher
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Hand, Kevin
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Hilário, Ana
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Hislop, Lawrence
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Jamieson, John
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Kalnitchenko, Dimitri
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Mall, Achim
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Panieri, Giuliana
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Pereira, Samuel
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Ribeiro, Pedro
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Fatih Sert, Muhammed
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Steen, Ida
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Stetzler, Marie
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Stokke, Runar
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Victorero, Lissette
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Vulcano, Francesca
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Vågenes, Stig
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Buenz, Stefan
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Baker, Maria
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Costa, Carolina
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Denny, Emily
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German, Christopher
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Hand, Kevin
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Hilário, Ana
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Hislop, Lawrence
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Kalnitchenko, Dimitri
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Mall, Achim
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Panieri, Giuliana
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Reeves, Eoghan
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Pereira, Samuel
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Ribeiro, Pedro
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Steen, Ida
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Stetzler, Marie
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Stokke, Runar
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Victorero, Lissette
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Vulcano, Francesca
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Vågenes, Stig
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Waghorn, Kate
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Buenz, Stefan
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Ramirez-llodra, Eva, Argentino, Claudio, Baker, Maria, Boetius, Antje, Costa, Carolina, Dahle, Håkon, Denny, Emily, Dessandier, Pierre-antoine, Eilertsen, Mari, Ferre, Benedicte, German, Christopher, Hand, Kevin, Hilário, Ana, Hislop, Lawrence, Jamieson, John, Kalnitchenko, Dimitri, Mall, Achim, Panieri, Giuliana, Purser, Autun, Ramalho, Sofia, Reeves, Eoghan, Rolley, Leighton, Pereira, Samuel, Ribeiro, Pedro, Fatih Sert, Muhammed, Steen, Ida, Stetzler, Marie, Stokke, Runar, Victorero, Lissette, Vulcano, Francesca, Vågenes, Stig, Waghorn, Kate and Buenz, Stefan (2023) Hot vents beneath an icy ocean: the Aurora Vent Field, Gakkel Ridge, revealed. Oceanography, 36 (1). (doi:10.5670/oceanog.2023.103).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Evidence of hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean has been available since 2001, with first visual evidence of black smokers on the Aurora Vent Field obtained in 2014. But it was not until 2021 that the first ever remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives to hydrothermal vents under permanent ice cover in the Arctic were conducted, enabling the collection of vent fluids, rocks, microbes, and fauna. In this paper, we present the methods employed for deep-sea ROV operations under drifting ice. We also provide the first description of the Aurora Vent Field, which includes three actively venting black smokers and diffuse flow on the Aurora mound at ~3,888 m depth on the southern part of the Gakkel Ridge (82.5°N). The biological communities are dominated by a new species of cocculinid limpet, two small gastropods, and a melitid amphipod. The ongoing analyses of Aurora Vent Field samples will contribute to positioning the Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal vents in the global biogeographic puzzle of hydrothermal vents.

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e-pub ahead of print date: 28 November 2022
Published date: 1 March 2023
Additional Information: Funding Information: We would like to thank the captains, officers, and crew of R/V Kronprins Haakon and R/V Polarstern, the teams of ROV Aurora, ROV/AUV NUI, and OFOBS, as well as all participants in the cruises for their invaluable contributions while at sea. The HACON project was funded by the Norwegian Research Council (grant # 274330). The AURORA mission (PS86 2014) was funded by the Helmholtz Association, the MARUM DFG Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bremen (49926684), and the ERC Advanced Investigator Grant ABYSS (294757) to AB. CA, PAD, BF, GP, MFS, MS, KAW, and SB were supported by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme (project no. 223259). CRG acknowledges additional support in the USA from NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (Grant #’s NA14OAR4320158, NA19OAR0110406). CRG and KPH acknowledge NASA’s Astrobiology Program (Grant #’s NNX16AL04G, NSSC19K1427). Identification of macrofauna was supported by the project “Fauna of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in Norwegian waters” funded by the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative). AH and SPR work was supported by funds from FCT/MCTES granted to CESAM (UIDP/50017/ 2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020). SPR acknowledges additional support from the FCT/ MCTES, through the “CEEC Individual 2017” contract (CEECIND/00758/2017). LV was supported by the Norwegian Research Council project number 287934. PAR work and genetic connectivity studies were supported by the project “Eco-Safe” funded by the Research Council of Norway (project no. 326881). EPR work on chemical, isotopic and organic characterization of AVF fluids was additionally supported by the project “HyPOD” funded by the Research Council of Norway (project no. 287364). Funding Information: We would like to thank the captains, officers, and crew of R/V Kronprins Haakon and R/V Polarstern, the teams of ROV Aurora, ROV/AUV NUI, and OFOBS, as well as all participants in the cruises for their invaluable contributions while at sea. The HACON project was funded by the Norwegian Research Council (grant # 274330). The AURORA mission (PS86 2014) was funded by the Helmholtz Association, the MARUM DFG Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bremen (49926684), and the ERC Advanced Investigator Grant ABYSS (294757) to AB. CA, PAD, BF, GP, MFS, MS, KAW, and SB were supported by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme (project no. 223259). CRG acknowledges additional support in the USA from NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (Grant #’s NA14OAR4320158, NA19OAR0110406). CRG and KPH acknowledge NASA’s Astrobiology Program (Grant #’s NNX16AL04G, NSSC19K1427). Identification of macrofauna was supported by the project “Fauna of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in Norwegian waters” funded by the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative). AH and SPR work was supported by funds from FCT/MCTES granted to CESAM (UIDP/ 50017/ 2020+ UIDB/ 50017/ 2020+ LA/ P/ 0094/ 2020). SPR acknowledges additional support from the FCT/ MCTES, through the “CEEC Individual 2017” contract (CEECIND/ 00758/ 2017). LV was supported by the Norwegian Research Council project number 287934. PAR work and genetic connectivity studies were supported by the project “Eco-Safe” funded by the Research Council of Norway (project no. 326881). EPR work on chemical, isotopic and organic characterization of AVF fluids was additionally supported by the project “HyPOD” funded by the Research Council of Norway (project no. 287364). Publisher Copyright: © REV Ocean.

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 473926
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/473926
ISSN: 1042-8275
PURE UUID: 15fdba19-7149-4cc3-86e9-f71e647b525c
ORCID for Maria Baker: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-8935

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Date deposited: 03 Feb 2023 18:10
Last modified: 17 Mar 2024 02:44

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Contributors

Author: Eva Ramirez-llodra
Author: Claudio Argentino
Author: Maria Baker ORCID iD
Author: Antje Boetius
Author: Carolina Costa
Author: Håkon Dahle
Author: Emily Denny
Author: Pierre-antoine Dessandier
Author: Mari Eilertsen
Author: Benedicte Ferre
Author: Christopher German
Author: Kevin Hand
Author: Ana Hilário
Author: Lawrence Hislop
Author: John Jamieson
Author: Dimitri Kalnitchenko
Author: Achim Mall
Author: Giuliana Panieri
Author: Autun Purser
Author: Sofia Ramalho
Author: Eoghan Reeves
Author: Leighton Rolley
Author: Samuel Pereira
Author: Pedro Ribeiro
Author: Muhammed Fatih Sert
Author: Ida Steen
Author: Marie Stetzler
Author: Runar Stokke
Author: Lissette Victorero
Author: Francesca Vulcano
Author: Stig Vågenes
Author: Kate Waghorn
Author: Stefan Buenz

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