Hydrodynamic performance of a self-propelled KCS at angle of drift including rudder forces

Abstract

Accurate prediction of ship manoeuvring in a seaway is one of the most critical requirements in ship design and its operation. This is especially true when a ship sails in adverse weather. However, the understanding of ship manoeuvrability in real sea states is not well developed (ITTC, 2021). Manoeuvring prediction capability is still challenging compared with resistance, propulsion and seakeeping (Sanada et al. 2021). Traditional experimental approaches for evaluating ship manoeuvring performance include free-running model tests and captive model tests in a towing tank or wave basin. Free-running model tests assess the manoeuvring characteristics directly by conducting prescribed turning or zigzag test. In comparison, captive tests are conducted to generate hydrodynamic force/moment derivatives (manoeuvring coefficients) and then use simulations of ship free-running tests by solving ship motion equations where the forces and moments are approximated by using the obtained hydrodynamic derivatives (Jiang et al., 2022). Although conventional model test can provide accurate and reliable maneuvering calculations, it is still costly and has a high specification for the ship model and test facilities. Benefiting from the rapid development of high performance computing, numerical methods are able to offer potentially a more cost-effective approach to determine the ship manoeuvring performance with more detail of hull-appendages interaction in stern region, which is less likely to be observed in towing tank tests. To predict performance of a ship during a manoeuvre, the accurate determination of rudder forces when sailing at an angle of drift is necessary. The interaction between the forces and moments generated on the hull and propeller upstream of the rudder has strong influence on rudder forces (Badoe et al., 2015). In this paper, the hull-propeller-rudder interaction of the benchmark KRISO Container Ship (KCS) in calm water is studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The self-propelled KCS is simulatedat static drift angles combined with a series of rudder angles, which represents quasi-static phases of an actual ship manoeuvre. This innovative approach removes the need for modelling the complete time varying manoeuvre, which greatly reduces the computational cost and provides reference for experimental calculations of hull and appendage forces when the angle of drift is applied (Zhang et al., 2021). The results and analysis of the effect of static drift angles and rudder angles on resistance, side force, yaw moment, and propulsive performance will be demonstrated.

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Identifiers

ORCID for Yifu Zhang: orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-3985

ORCID for Dominic Hudson: orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-6255

ORCID for Stephen Turnock: orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-0400

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