TB in children
TB in children
Tuberculosis (TB) in childhood is under reported but represents a sentinel event of transmission in the community. Susceptibility to TB is age-dependent with young children at highest risk of disseminated disease. Age-related differences in immune responses to mycobacteria underlie this phenomenon. Since childhood TB tends to be paucibacillary, bacteriological confirmation is more difficult to achieve and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. Diagnostics include measures of host sensitisation, such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), but their performance varies between children and adults and in the context of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Therapeutic regimens are based on adult studies but increased doses have recently been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), following pharmacokinetic studies in children. TB/ HIV co-infection adds complexity to diagnosis and management, much like in adults. The BCG vaccine is not fully protective and is not recommended for HIV-infected children. New vaccines are currently under investigation, with trials including infants and adolescents.
Age-related immune responses, Diagnostics, Epidemiology, Novel vaccines, Therapy, Tuberculosis/HIV co-infection
206-218
Whittaker, Elizabeth
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Jones, Christine
48229079-8b58-4dcb-8374-d9481fe7b426
Kampmann, Beate
4490f5e3-318c-4074-bf69-4a23bd5ec100
2012
Whittaker, Elizabeth
fed4bf4b-de8f-4656-9fa6-c8900d60fb88
Jones, Christine
48229079-8b58-4dcb-8374-d9481fe7b426
Kampmann, Beate
4490f5e3-318c-4074-bf69-4a23bd5ec100
Whittaker, Elizabeth, Jones, Christine and Kampmann, Beate
(2012)
TB in children.
European Respiratory Monograph, 58, .
(doi:10.1183/1025448x.10023811).
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in childhood is under reported but represents a sentinel event of transmission in the community. Susceptibility to TB is age-dependent with young children at highest risk of disseminated disease. Age-related differences in immune responses to mycobacteria underlie this phenomenon. Since childhood TB tends to be paucibacillary, bacteriological confirmation is more difficult to achieve and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. Diagnostics include measures of host sensitisation, such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), but their performance varies between children and adults and in the context of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Therapeutic regimens are based on adult studies but increased doses have recently been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), following pharmacokinetic studies in children. TB/ HIV co-infection adds complexity to diagnosis and management, much like in adults. The BCG vaccine is not fully protective and is not recommended for HIV-infected children. New vaccines are currently under investigation, with trials including infants and adolescents.
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Published date: 2012
Keywords:
Age-related immune responses, Diagnostics, Epidemiology, Novel vaccines, Therapy, Tuberculosis/HIV co-infection
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Local EPrints ID: 474898
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/474898
ISSN: 1025-448X
PURE UUID: a815aea5-c915-462e-bcb0-2fe8d4e77517
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Date deposited: 06 Mar 2023 17:55
Last modified: 17 Mar 2024 03:45
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Author:
Elizabeth Whittaker
Author:
Beate Kampmann
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