High sodium-ion battery capacity in sulfur-deficient tin(II) sulfide thin films with a microrod morphology

Abstract

Sulfur-deficient SnS thin films for sodium-ion battery anode application are prepared using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Growth directly onto the metal foil current collector forms sulfur-deficient SnS microrod structures via a vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism, with 92 nm average SnS crystallite size and an 800 nm film thickness. The sulfur deficiency is demonstrated with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses. This sulfur-deficient SnS material demonstrates a very high capacity in sodium half cells. The first reduction scan at a specific current of 150 mA g ⁻¹ shows a capacity of 1084 mAh g ⁻¹. At the 50th cycle the specific capacity is 638 mAh g ⁻¹ for reduction and 593 mAh g ⁻¹ for oxidation. This capacity is demonstrated for tin sulfide itself without the need for a nanostructured carbon support, unlike previous high capacity SnS anodes in the literature. Both the capacity and ex situ characterization experiments indicate a conversion reaction producing tin, followed by alloying with sodium during reduction, and that both of these processes are reversible during oxidation.

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