READ ME File For Dataset supporting the thesis'Building a Bridge Over the Valley of Death: A Practical Development of textile Supercapacitors' Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D2662 Date that the file was created: June 2023 ------------------- ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- ------------------- ReadMe Author: Nicholas Hillier, University of Southampton This dataset supports the Thesis: Building a Bridge Over the Valley of Death: A Practical Development of textile Supercapacitors AUTHORS:N Hillier JOURNAL: Thesis Date of data collection: September 2018 - September 2022 Information about geographic location of data collection: Southampton, UK For Images please see reference within thesis -------------------------- -------------------------- SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION -------------------------- -------------------------- Licenses/restrictions placed on the data, or limitations of reuse: CC-BY -------------------- -------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW -------------------- -------------------- This dataset contains the following figures: >--------------------< Chapter 1: No Figures >--------------------< Chapter 2: Fig 2.1: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.2: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.3: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.4: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.5: The number of publications per year searchable from Web of Science. Key term searches “Wearable Supercapacitor”, “Textile Supercapacitor”, “Fabric Su- percapacitor” and “Flexible Supercapacitor” were chosen to cover the full research landscape Data found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 2.5] Fig 2.6: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.7: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.8: Image (N/A data) Fig 2.9: Image (N/A data) >--------------------< Chapter 3: Fig 3.1: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.2: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.3: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.4: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.5: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.6: Image (N/A data) Fig 3.7: Image (N/A data) >--------------------< Chapter 4: Fig 4.1: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.2: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.3: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.4: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.5: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.6: Image (N/A data) Fig 4.7: The surface profile of the carbon electrode for one of the textile superca- pacitors.The profile was taken from 3 positions as shown in (A) along with a Repre- sentative all cotton measurement.Plots (B)-(E) show the surface profile relative to the starting position of the needle. The grey shaded regions represent the position of the transition from cotton to carbon. Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.7] Fig 4.8: Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the three carbons.The closed markers are adsorption and the open markers are the desorption.The hystere- sis portion of the plots is magnified in (B), (C) and (D) for the SXU, GSX and YP80F carbons respectively. Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.8] Fig 4.9: Pore size distribution for the three activated carbons. (A) The full results for all three. (B) Magnified view to show the SXU and GSX activated carbon results in more clarity. Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.9] Fig 4.10: Particle size distribution of the three activated carbons. Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.10 - Data is an average of three measurements per carbon] Fig 4.11: Image (N/A Data) Fig 4.12: Image (N/A Data) Fig 4.13: Electrochemical results for the three different activated carbons under differing deposition conditions. (A) GCD measurement at a 0.25 mA.cm−2 charge and discharge current of the YP80F activated carbon with 2 and 4 layers, devices with 6 de- positions layers failed.(B) GCD measurement at a 0.25 mA.cm−2 of the SXU activated carbon with 2, 4 and 6 layers.(C) GCD measurement at a 0.25 mA.cm−2 of the GSX activated carbon with 2 and 4 layers, devices with 6 deposition layers all failed. (D) CV measurement at 50 mV/s for the YP80F activated carbon with 2 and 4 layers. (E) CV measurement at 50 mV/s for the SXU activated carbon with 2, 4 and 6 layers. (F) CV measurement at 50 mV/s for the GSX activated carbon with 2 and 4 layers Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.13] Fig 4.14: Extended electrochemical results for the YP80F TSCs. (A) GCD measure- ments at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mA.cm−2 for the YP80F with 4 layers, 3 mA.cm−2 has been omitted for clarity. (B) CV measurements at 5, 25, 50 100 and 200 mV/s for the Y80F with 4 layers. (C) Ragone plot derived from the results presented in (A). The stan- dard deviation for both power and energy density is ± 0.1 (μWh.cm-2 and mW.cm-2 respecitvely) from 5 repeats Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 4.14] Fig 4.15: image (N/A data) >--------------------< Chapter 5: Fig 5.1: Image (N/A data) Fig 5.2: The date of failure of the textile supercapacitors stored in each of the five storage methods. Data Found: NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.2] Fig 5.3: The ionic conductivity degradation of the PVA‖PVA electrolyte over a period of 5 days, stored in a sealed vessel. The points have a standard deviation of ± 0.02 S/m from 5 repeat measurements. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.3] Fig 5.4: The capacitance retention of the device stored within the Swagelok. Each point is the average of 10 cycles, with the error calculated from the standard deviation Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.4] Fig 5.5: The capacitance retention over 450 cycles at 0.25 mA.cm−2. The sec- ondary graph (ii) is a magnified view of the retention, showing a <2% drop over these cycles. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.5] Fig 5.6: Nyquist plot of the 4 edible electrolytes and the ADP electrolyte as full cells with (B) presenting a magnification of the high frequency region. (C) is the con- ductivity of the 5 electrolytes, the uncertainty is the standard error of 9 measurements over three samples. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.6] Fig 5.7: CV plots for the 5 electrolytes from 0 to 0.8 V at 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mV.s−1 sweep rates. (A) 1 M LoSalt® (B) 0.5 M LoSalt® (C) Grenade Energy ® (D) Isotonic Drink (E) 0.5 M ADP (F) is a comparison of all 5 electrolytes at 50 mV.s−1 sweep rate. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.7] Fig 5.8: GCD measurements for the different electrolytes with charge-discharge current densities of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mA.cm−2. (A) 1 M LoSalt® (B) 0.5 M LoSalt® (C) Grenade Energy® (D) Isotonic Drink (E) 0.5 M ADP and (F) is degradation in capaci- tance with increasing current density. The isotonic drink failed at the highest current density, thus only three results are displayed for 3 mA.cm−2 Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.8] Fig 5.9: GC plot of the 1 M LoSalt® electrolyte as a fluid and in the agar agar and κ-carrageenan gel form. (B) and (C) are the CV and EIS for the fluidic and κ-carrageenan gel devices Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.9] Fig 5.10: Electrochemical properties of the activated carbon/activated carbon TSCs with varying molarities of the TEABF4‖PAM electrolyte. GCD curves of (A) 0.1 M, (B) 0.5 M and (C) 1 at current densities of 0.25 – 3 mA.cm−2. CV curves of (D) 0.1 M, (E) 0.5 M and (F) 1 M at scan rates of 5 – 200 mV.s−1. (G) is the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte soaked cotton substrate characterized via EIS, there error bars are the standard error from three samples with 5 repeats each. (H) Capacitance degradation with increasing measurement current (I) Ragone plot of the devices made from the three molarities of electrolyte. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.10] Fig 5.11: Image (N/A data) Fig 5.12:Coulombic effiency and energy density of the 1 M devices when charac- terised via GCD measurements at cut off voltages of 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 V Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.12] Fig 5.13: Capacitance degradation during voltage hold testing at 2.0 and 2.4 V over a 90 hour period. The insert is the ESR of the devices characterized over the same cycles as the capacitance. All values are the average of five cycles Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.13] Fig 5.14: Normalised capacitance determined from GCD testing of a TEABF4‖PAM1 device at 1 mA.cm−2 at intervals over a two month period. The in- sert (i) is the GCD trace on the first day versus that of the 57th day. Insert (ii) is the ESR change over the two month period. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.14] Fig 5.15: EIS measurement for the TEABF4‖PAM1 device at day 1 and day 57. The insert is a magnified view of the graph over the range 0 – 100 Ω with the fitting model also shown on the figure. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.15] Fig 5.16: Ragone plot of high energy density textile supercapacitors. Data taken from Li et al. [256], Xu et al. [257], Yang et al. [113], Choi et al. [105] and Shang et al. [254] Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 5.16] >--------------------< Chapter 6: Fig 6.1: Image (N/A Data) Fig 6.2: Image (N/A Data) Fig 6.3: Capacitance degradation over 1750 mechanical bending cycles. (A) Ca- pacitance degradation for device 1, 2 and 3 (dashed) and the average of all three de- vices. The error bars are the standard error of 15 measurements at each point. (B) The GCD traces for the original device and then after 1750 bending cycles. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.3] Fig 6.4: Image (N/A Data) Fig 6.5: Electrochemical results pre and post cutting and puncturing. (A) Shows the results of the full device, cut in half and cut into a quarter. (B) Shows the results of a TSC before and after being punctured. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.5] Fig 6.6: Image (N/A Data) Fig 6.7: Electrochemical results at elevated temperatures. (A) Capacitance degra- dation at elevated temperatures normalised to the results at room temperature. Each point is the average of 5 measurements, with an error of ±0.01 for the normalised value calculated from the standard deviation. (B) Insert showing the GCD curves for the room, 60◦C and return to room temperature. They compare well, showing only a small degradation at extreme temperature conditions Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.7] Fig 6.8: Image (N/A Data) Fig 6.9: GCD results for the series connected TSC used in the prototype power module. (A) A comparison of the GCD measurement at 1 mA.cm-2 charge/discharge current density for a single TSC and the three connected in series. (B) Full characteri- sation measuremenst for the series connected TSC module Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.9] Fig 6.10: Charging curves of the series TSCs by the rectifier at varying power levels. (A) Charging curves at power levels <6 dBm, with -4,-2, 2 and 0 dBm power levels unable to reach the cut off voltage of 2.9 V. (B) Charging curves for power levels >6 dBm Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.10] Fig 6.11: The measured voltage and PCE of the rectifier-TSC at varying power levels Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.11] Fig 6.12: Characterised S11 of the rectifier while charging the series connected TSCs at 0 dBm. (A) The S11 parameter and equivalent load, Z, seen by the rectifier at 0 dBm. (B) The equivalent load during the first 1.5 s of charging. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.12] Fig 6.13: Frequency response of the rectifier-TSC. (A) Voltage over the TSC after 10 s of charging. (B) PCE of the rectifier-TSC. The system exhibits a 73% half-power bandwidth Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.13] Fig 6.14: Charging curves and PCE of the rectenna-TSC at a range of distances with a 915 MHz 34.77 dBm Transmitter as the source. Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.14] Fig 6.15: Electrochemical performance of the the series connected 0.5 M TEABF4- PAM TSCs. (A) shows the GCD results from 0.25 - 3 mA.cm-2 charge/discharge cur- rent densities. (B) CV traces at varying sweeprates from 5 to 200 mV/s Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.15] Fig 6.16: PCE and voltage (at t=30 s) for the rectenna-organic electrolyte TSC power module across a power range of -16 - 16 dBm. The voltages for >12 dBm have been ommitted as they reached the cut off voltage before 30 s Data Found:NHillier_Thesis_Data.xlsx [Tab Fig 6.16] Fig 6.17: The voltage across the TSC during charge and discharge and the current drawn by the load during operation for the meandered monopole-TSC power mod- ule. (A) Charge and discharge voltgae and current. (B) Capacitor voltage and current drawn during start-up. (C) Two duty cycles of the node, during operation. (D) System shutdown following the fall of the capacitors voltage below 1.8 V Data Found:TPM_Yarn_antenna.txt {V large file, Headers are 'Time', 'Current', 'Voltage')} The current in the raw data is in volts so should be multiplied by 1000 to get to mV and then divided by 10 to account for the resistance of the measurement resistor Fig 6.18: The voltage across the TSC during charge and discharge and the current drawn by the load during operation for the disc monopole-TSC power module Data Found:TPM_Disc_antenna.txt {V large file, Headers are 'Time', 'Current', 'Voltage')} The current in the raw data is in volts so should be multiplied by 1000 to get to mV and then divided by 10 to account for the resistance of the measurement resistor Fig 6.19: Charge discharge cycles of the near-field power module, powered by close proximity to a walkie-talkie during transmission. Data Found:TPM_WalkieTalkie_3.txt {V large file, Headers are 'Time', 'Current', 'Voltage')} The current in the raw data is in volts so should be multiplied by 1000 to get to mV and then divided by 10 to account for the resistance of the measurement resistor