Under-water noise pollution sources, mitigation measures in commercial vessels: the trade-off analysis in the case of study for trans mountain project, Port of Vancouver, Canada.

Abstract

Shipping is the most efficient type of transportation and plays a significant role in global trade. However, it has some negative externalities and creates environmental pollution. With the growth of shipping, the potential for low-frequency noise increases along with its negative effects such as impacts on marine species and threat to sustainable shipping, e.g. its intensity has been doubling in the North Pacific Ocean every decade for the past 60 years and it is predicted to increase by 87–102% on average by 2030. In contrast to other environmental issues, the underwater noise is not visible, so to raise awareness and show its negative impacts, a scientific approach and data collection are required. While awareness of the society in respect of the other pollutions such as oil, dangerous goods, noxious liquids substances, sewage, and air has been raised and those issues are regulated properly, society has not been familiar with under-water noise pollution and it has not been regulated properly. As such, legal gaps exist this study is a holistic approach to UWN pollution. The main sources and the ways to mitigate UWN pollution and its effect on sustainable shipping will be reviewed. Meanwhile, with reference to the previous environmental issues and present information and data collection, the general trends for the future of UWN pollution will be suggested. Moreover, in the case study (the Trans Mountain Project (TMP)), mitigation measures to reduce the negative impacts of the growth of shipping in the Haro Strait will be suggested. Furthermore, by creating four scenarios and modelling, simulations, utilizing the MCDM (MADM) algorithms, and TOPSIS techniques the trade-off between the environmental (noise and Co2 emission) and economical (fuel cost) aspects of the project will be conducted to enhance the Decision Support System (DSS). This will help the decision makers to have a multi-dimensional thinking instead of the single dimensional thinking in addressing and tackling the negative externalities of the TMP in the area. Moreover, at the end of each scenario, a sensitivity analysis will be conducted to provide a clean environment for decision makers.

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ORCID for Seyedvahid Vakili: orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-8646

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