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AT 2022aedm and a new class of luminous, fast-cooling transients in elliptical galaxies

AT 2022aedm and a new class of luminous, fast-cooling transients in elliptical galaxies
AT 2022aedm and a new class of luminous, fast-cooling transients in elliptical galaxies

We present the discovery and extensive follow-up of a remarkable fast-evolving optical transient, AT 2022aedm, detected by the Asteroid Terrestrial impact Last Alert Survey (ATLAS). In the ATLAS o band, AT 2022aedm exhibited a rise time of 9 ± 1 days, reaching a luminous peak with Mg ≈ −22 mag. It faded by 2 mag in the g band during the next 15 days. These timescales are consistent with other rapidly evolving transients, though the luminosity is extreme. Most surprisingly, the host galaxy is a massive elliptical with negligible current star formation. Radio and X-ray observations rule out a relativistic AT 2018cow-like explosion. A spectrum in the first few days after explosion showed short-lived He ii emission resembling young core-collapse supernovae, but obvious broad supernova features never developed; later spectra showed only a fast-cooling continuum and narrow, blueshifted absorption lines, possibly arising in a wind with v ≈ 2700 km s−1. We identify two further transients in the literature (Dougie in particular, as well as AT 2020bot) that share similarities in their luminosities, timescales, color evolution, and largely featureless spectra and propose that these may constitute a new class of transients: luminous fast coolers. All three events occurred in passive galaxies at offsets of ∼4-10 kpc from the nucleus, posing a challenge for progenitor models involving massive stars or black holes. The light curves and spectra appear to be consistent with shock breakout emission, though this mechanism is usually associated with core-collapse supernovae. The encounter of a star with a stellar-mass black hole may provide a promising alternative explanation.

2041-8205
Nicholl, M.
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Srivastav, S.
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Fulton, M. D.
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Gomez, S.
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Ramsden, P.
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Rhodes, L.
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Nicholl, M.
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Srivastav, S.
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Nicholl, M., Srivastav, S. and Fulton, M. D. , ePESSTO+ (2023) AT 2022aedm and a new class of luminous, fast-cooling transients in elliptical galaxies. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 954, [L28]. (doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf0ba).

Record type: Article

Abstract

We present the discovery and extensive follow-up of a remarkable fast-evolving optical transient, AT 2022aedm, detected by the Asteroid Terrestrial impact Last Alert Survey (ATLAS). In the ATLAS o band, AT 2022aedm exhibited a rise time of 9 ± 1 days, reaching a luminous peak with Mg ≈ −22 mag. It faded by 2 mag in the g band during the next 15 days. These timescales are consistent with other rapidly evolving transients, though the luminosity is extreme. Most surprisingly, the host galaxy is a massive elliptical with negligible current star formation. Radio and X-ray observations rule out a relativistic AT 2018cow-like explosion. A spectrum in the first few days after explosion showed short-lived He ii emission resembling young core-collapse supernovae, but obvious broad supernova features never developed; later spectra showed only a fast-cooling continuum and narrow, blueshifted absorption lines, possibly arising in a wind with v ≈ 2700 km s−1. We identify two further transients in the literature (Dougie in particular, as well as AT 2020bot) that share similarities in their luminosities, timescales, color evolution, and largely featureless spectra and propose that these may constitute a new class of transients: luminous fast coolers. All three events occurred in passive galaxies at offsets of ∼4-10 kpc from the nucleus, posing a challenge for progenitor models involving massive stars or black holes. The light curves and spectra appear to be consistent with shock breakout emission, though this mechanism is usually associated with core-collapse supernovae. The encounter of a star with a stellar-mass black hole may provide a promising alternative explanation.

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Accepted/In Press date: 14 August 2023
e-pub ahead of print date: 1 September 2023
Additional Information: Funding Information: ATLAS is primarily funded through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575. The ATLAS science products are provided by the University of Hawaii, QUB, STScI, SAAO, and Millennium Institute of Astrophysics in Chile. The Pan-STARRS telescopes are supported by NASA grants NNX12AR65G and NNX14AM74G. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Chile, as part of ePESSTO+ (the advanced Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects Survey). The ePESSTO+ observations were obtained under ESO program ID 108.220C (PI: Inserra). This work makes use of data from the Las Cumbres Observatory global network of telescopes. The LCO group is supported by NSF grants AST-1911151 and AST-1911225. The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. We thank the staff of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory for their assistance in the maintenance and operation of AMI, which is supported by the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. We also acknowledge support from the European Research Council under grant ERC-2012-StG-307215 LODESTONE. Funding Information: We thank Brian Metzger, Eliot Quataert, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments that improved this paper. We thank Anna Ho for sharing the data on AT 2020bot. We also thank Joe Bright, Paul Scott, and David Titterington for help with the AMI–LA observations. M.N., A.A., and X.S. are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 948381) and by UK Space Agency grant No. ST/Y000692/1. P.R. is supported by STFC grant 2742655. S.J.S. acknowledges funding from STFC grants ST/X006506/1 and ST/T000198/1. T.P. acknowledges the support by ANID through the Beca Doctorado Nacional 202221222222. J.V. is supported by NKFIH-OTKA grant K-142534 from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary. T.-W.C. thanks the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics for hosting her as a guest researcher. M.P. is supported by a research grant (19054) from VILLUM FONDEN. P.C. acknowledges support via an Academy of Finland grant (340613; PI: R. Kotak). P.W. acknowledges support from Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant ST/R000506/1. M.F. is supported by a Royal Society—Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. M.K. is partially supported by the program Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. L.G., C.P.G., M.K., and T.E.M.B. acknowledge support from Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) under PIE project 20215AT016, and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) 10.13039/501100011033 under the PID2020-115253GA-I00 HOSTFLOWS project. L.G. also acknowledges support from the European Social Fund (ESF) “Investing in your future” under the 2019 Ramón y Cajal program RYC2019-027683-I. C.P.G. also acknowledges financial support from the Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia) and by the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie and the Beatriu de Pinós 2021 BP 00168 program. T.E.M.B. also acknowledges financial support from the 2021 Juan de la Cierva program FJC2021-047124-I. G.P.S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust, and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant Nos. ST/N021702/1 and ST/S006141/1). F.E.B. acknowledges support from ANID-Chile BASAL CATA ACE210002 and FB210003, FONDECYT Regular 1200495, and Millennium Science Initiative Program —ICN12_009.

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 484265
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/484265
ISSN: 2041-8205
PURE UUID: 7effd76f-9a54-4818-8b6a-4cc8354ba94c
ORCID for C. Inserra: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-4409
ORCID for P. Wiseman: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-3073-1512

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Date deposited: 13 Nov 2023 18:53
Last modified: 18 Mar 2024 03:43

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Contributors

Author: M. Nicholl
Author: S. Srivastav
Author: M. D. Fulton
Author: S. Gomez
Author: M. E. Huber
Author: S. R. Oates
Author: P. Ramsden
Author: L. Rhodes
Author: S. J. Smartt
Author: K. W. Smith
Author: A. Aamer
Author: J. P. Anderson
Author: F. E. Bauer
Author: E. Berger
Author: T. de Boer
Author: K. C. Chambers
Author: P. Charalampopoulos
Author: T. W. Chen
Author: R. P. Fender
Author: M. Fraser
Author: H. Gao
Author: D. A. Green
Author: L. Galbany
Author: B. P. Gompertz
Author: M. Gromadzki
Author: C. P. Gutiérrez
Author: D. A. Howell
Author: C. Inserra ORCID iD
Author: P. G. Jonker
Author: M. Kopsacheili
Author: T. B. Lowe
Author: E. A. Magnier
Author: C. McCully
Author: S. L. McGee
Author: T. Moore
Author: T. E. Müller-Bravo
Author: M. Newsome
Author: E. Padilla Gonzalez
Author: C. Pellegrino
Author: T. Pessi
Author: M. Pursiainen
Author: A. Rest
Author: E. J. Ridley
Author: B. J. Shappee
Author: X. Sheng
Author: G. P. Smith
Author: G. Terreran
Author: M. A. Tucker
Author: J. Vinkó
Author: P. Wiseman ORCID iD
Corporate Author: ePESSTO+

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