D-STAR: dual simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for joint uplink/downlink transmission
D-STAR: dual simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for joint uplink/downlink transmission
The joint uplink/downlink (JUD) design of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RIS) is conceived in support of both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) users. Furthermore, the dual STAR-RISs (D-STAR) concept is conceived as a promising architecture for 360-degree full-plane service coverage, including UL/DL users located between the base station (BS) and the D-STAR as well as beyond. The corresponding regions are termed as primary (P) and secondary (S) regions. Both BS/users exist in the P-region, but only users are located in the S-region. The primary STAR-RIS (STAR-P) plays an important role in terms of tackling the P-region inter-user interference, the self-interference (SI) from the BS and from the reflective as well as refractive UL users imposed on the DL receiver. By contrast, the secondary STAR-RIS (STAR-S) aims for mitigating the S-region interferences. The non-linear and non-convex rate-maximization problem formulated is solved by alternating optimization amongst the decomposed convex sub-problems of the BS beamformer, and the D-STAR amplitude as well as phase shift configurations. We also propose a D-STAR based active beamforming and passive STAR-RIS amplitude/phase (DBAP) optimization scheme to solve the respective sub-problems by Lagrange dual with Dinkelbach’s transformation, alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with successive convex approximation (SCA), and penalty convex-concave procedure (PCCP). Our simulation results reveal that the proposed D-STAR architecture outperforms the conventional single RIS, single STAR-RIS, and half-duplex networks. The proposed DBAP of D-STAR outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions found in the open literature for different numbers of quantization levels, geographic deployment, transmit power and for diverse numbers of transmit antennas, patch partitions as well as D-STAR elements.
beamforming, Dual STAR-RISs, joint UL/DL, RIS, self-interference
1
Shen, Li-Hsiang
88bd84ef-b8d6-45dd-95ef-14dcc4ccac11
Wu, Po-Chen
f82b6b05-e3b1-4e4e-b46d-ef13844df160
Ku, Chia-Jou
112f8a30-4baa-44e6-9968-6c31f4912e92
Li, Yu-Ting
0e0ab884-9267-4630-a026-891ebb07e5dd
Feng, Kai-Ten
6822ed02-7245-4610-ad57-8ca660c271e0
Liu, Yuanwei
2767c2bc-6199-4106-ac28-81c3dadcfa29
Hanzo, Lajos
66e7266f-3066-4fc0-8391-e000acce71a1
9 February 2024
Shen, Li-Hsiang
88bd84ef-b8d6-45dd-95ef-14dcc4ccac11
Wu, Po-Chen
f82b6b05-e3b1-4e4e-b46d-ef13844df160
Ku, Chia-Jou
112f8a30-4baa-44e6-9968-6c31f4912e92
Li, Yu-Ting
0e0ab884-9267-4630-a026-891ebb07e5dd
Feng, Kai-Ten
6822ed02-7245-4610-ad57-8ca660c271e0
Liu, Yuanwei
2767c2bc-6199-4106-ac28-81c3dadcfa29
Hanzo, Lajos
66e7266f-3066-4fc0-8391-e000acce71a1
Shen, Li-Hsiang, Wu, Po-Chen, Ku, Chia-Jou, Li, Yu-Ting, Feng, Kai-Ten, Liu, Yuanwei and Hanzo, Lajos
(2024)
D-STAR: dual simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for joint uplink/downlink transmission.
IEEE Transactions on Communications, .
(doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3364988).
Abstract
The joint uplink/downlink (JUD) design of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RIS) is conceived in support of both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) users. Furthermore, the dual STAR-RISs (D-STAR) concept is conceived as a promising architecture for 360-degree full-plane service coverage, including UL/DL users located between the base station (BS) and the D-STAR as well as beyond. The corresponding regions are termed as primary (P) and secondary (S) regions. Both BS/users exist in the P-region, but only users are located in the S-region. The primary STAR-RIS (STAR-P) plays an important role in terms of tackling the P-region inter-user interference, the self-interference (SI) from the BS and from the reflective as well as refractive UL users imposed on the DL receiver. By contrast, the secondary STAR-RIS (STAR-S) aims for mitigating the S-region interferences. The non-linear and non-convex rate-maximization problem formulated is solved by alternating optimization amongst the decomposed convex sub-problems of the BS beamformer, and the D-STAR amplitude as well as phase shift configurations. We also propose a D-STAR based active beamforming and passive STAR-RIS amplitude/phase (DBAP) optimization scheme to solve the respective sub-problems by Lagrange dual with Dinkelbach’s transformation, alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with successive convex approximation (SCA), and penalty convex-concave procedure (PCCP). Our simulation results reveal that the proposed D-STAR architecture outperforms the conventional single RIS, single STAR-RIS, and half-duplex networks. The proposed DBAP of D-STAR outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions found in the open literature for different numbers of quantization levels, geographic deployment, transmit power and for diverse numbers of transmit antennas, patch partitions as well as D-STAR elements.
Text
lajos (10)
- Accepted Manuscript
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 4 February 2024
e-pub ahead of print date: 9 February 2024
Published date: 9 February 2024
Additional Information:
L. Hanzo would like to acknowledge the financial support of the En gineering and Physical Sciences Research Council projects EP/W016605/1, EP/X01228X/1 and EP/Y026721/1 as well as of the European Research Council’s Advanced Fellow Grant QuantCom (Grant No. 789028). Yuanwei Liu would like to acknowledge the financial support of the CHIST-ERA grant SUNRISE CHIST-ERA-20-SICT-005 and in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under Project EP/W035588/1. K.-T. Feng would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) under Grant 110-2221-E-A49-041-MY3, Grant 112-2218-E-A49-020, Grant 112-2218-EA49-023, Grant 112UC2N006, Grant 112UA10019; in part by STEM Project; in part by the Higher Education Sprout Project of the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU) and Ministry of Education (MoE); in part by the Co-creation Platform of the Industry-Academia Innovation School, NYCU, under the framework of the National Key Fields Industry-University Cooperation and Skilled Personnel Training Act, from the MOE and industry partners in Taiwan, and in part by the Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
Publisher Copyright:
IEEE
Keywords:
beamforming, Dual STAR-RISs, joint UL/DL, RIS, self-interference
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 487080
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/487080
ISSN: 0090-6778
PURE UUID: 3878545f-826e-4688-813c-7a88bfe3b509
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Date deposited: 13 Feb 2024 17:31
Last modified: 02 May 2024 04:01
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Contributors
Author:
Li-Hsiang Shen
Author:
Po-Chen Wu
Author:
Chia-Jou Ku
Author:
Yu-Ting Li
Author:
Kai-Ten Feng
Author:
Yuanwei Liu
Author:
Lajos Hanzo
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