Langdon, Terence G. (1974) The significance of grain boundaries in high-temperature creep. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 13 (1), 223-228. (doi:10.1179/cmq.1974.13.1.223).
Abstract
The grain boundaries of a polycrystal playa dual role in high-temperature creep. First, they may act as sources and sinks for vacancies, so that a vacancy flow is generated from those boundaries under tension to those under compression. This diffusive flux further requires the relative movement of adjacent grains to maintain specimen coherency. Second, individual grains may move relative to each other under conditions where stress-directed vacancy diffusion is relatively unimportant. This process, known generally as grain boundary sliding, is of particular significance since it leads to premature fracture of the material. These two types of mechanism are reviewed in terms of a general rate equation for steady-state creep.
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