Haseeb, Fizza, Bourdakos, Konstantinos N., Forsyth, Ewan, Setchfield, Kerry, Gorman, Alistair, Venkateswaran, Seshasailam, Wright, Amanda J., Mahajan, Sumeet and Bradley, Mark (2024) Hydrogel-based standards for single and multiphoton imaging at depth. Vargas, Gracie, Hwang, Jeeseong and Pfefer, T. Joshua (eds.) In Design and Quality for Biomedical Technologies XVII. vol. 12833, SPIE. 7 pp . (doi:10.1117/12.2691508).
Abstract
Medical imaging is advancing rapidly through the development of novel laser sources and non-linear imaging methodologies. These developments are boosting deep tissue imaging allowing researchers to study diseases deep in the body enabling early diagnosis and better treatment. To help with the testing and optimization of these imaging systems and to aid in this process of deep tissue imaging, it's important to have robust, stable and reproducible standards and phantoms. Herein we present the design and fabrication of robust, multi-layered, hydrogel-based standards. The hydrogel used is a double network hydrogel consisting of two interpenetrating networks agarose and polyacrylamide. Thin layers of tough double network hydrogels are stacked to form multilayered depth standards having modality specific signaling markers embedded in between. Standard design and assembly ensured long term stability and easy transport. These proved useful in-depth imaging studies, utilizing multiple imaging modalities, including one photon fluorescence (1PEF), two photon fluorescence (2PEF), coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging (CARS) and second harmonic generation imaging (SHG).
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