IAPSO Standard Seawater: definition of the uncertainty in the calibration procedure, and stability of recent batches

Abstract

Standard seawater (SSW) has been employed by oceanographers as a reference material in the determination
of salinity for over a century. In all that time, this is the first study to determine the uncertainty
of the SSW manufacturing process. SSW is calibrated in reference to carefully prepared solutions of
potassium chloride (KCl). All uncertainties in the preparation and measurement of KCl solutions and of
new SSW are calculated. The expanded uncertainty of the SSW conductivity ratio is found to be 1 105,
based on a coverage factor of 2, at the time of manufacture. There is no discernible “within batch”
variability. No significant variability of quality within or between batches of KCl is found. Measurement of
SSW “offsets” from the label conductivity ratio as long as 5 yr after the SSW batch manufacture are
reported, and no significant change in label conductivity ratio for SSW batches P130 through P144 outside
the expanded uncertainty of 1 105 is found. This last result is in contrast to some other studies, and
herein are suggestions as to why this may be the case.

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