Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based register study
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based register study
Background: previous research has indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia, but studies are scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between ADHD, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid conditions, educational attainment, head injuries, other developmental disorders, and sex on the association.
Methods: the study population consisted of 3,591,689 individuals born between 1932 and 1963, identified from Swedish population-based registers. Cases of ADHD, dementia and MCI were defined according to ICD diagnostic codes and ATC codes for medication prescriptions. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between ADHD, and dementia and MCI.
Results: individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. After adjusting for sex and birth year, a hazard ratio (HR) was 2.92 (95% confidence interval 2.40–3.57) for dementia, and 6.21 (5.25–7.35) for MCI. Additional adjustment for psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and bipolar disorder) substantially attenuated the associations, HR = 1.62 (1.32–1.98) for dementia, and 2.54 (2.14–3.01) for MCI. Common metabolic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity), sleep disorders, head injuries, educational attainment, and other developmental disorders, had a limited impact on the association. The association between ADHD and dementia was stronger in men.
Conclusions: ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations.
Dobrosavljevic, Maja
059ef8e9-354b-49fc-b1a9-73734fa6be4e
Zhang, Le
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Garcia-Argibay, Miguel
e5a6941e-4dcc-401a-9de4-09557c8856ef
Rietz, Ebba Du
fcfdb832-03aa-4236-8fb4-147bf166f13c
Andershed, Henrik
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Chang, Zheng
94197afc-9cdc-4cb6-b103-cecec8a71360
Faraone, Stephen
cb2b3165-7bc0-4898-9acc-3eb9fe9d457f
Larsson, Henrik
b61de48a-668e-4d65-b989-49005020b0dd
Dobrosavljevic, Maja
059ef8e9-354b-49fc-b1a9-73734fa6be4e
Zhang, Le
5092c638-95e2-48bd-9b31-7e14708fc38b
Garcia-Argibay, Miguel
e5a6941e-4dcc-401a-9de4-09557c8856ef
Rietz, Ebba Du
fcfdb832-03aa-4236-8fb4-147bf166f13c
Andershed, Henrik
0a69fc64-bf02-4c09-9805-12d656eb6c19
Chang, Zheng
94197afc-9cdc-4cb6-b103-cecec8a71360
Faraone, Stephen
cb2b3165-7bc0-4898-9acc-3eb9fe9d457f
Larsson, Henrik
b61de48a-668e-4d65-b989-49005020b0dd
Dobrosavljevic, Maja, Zhang, Le, Garcia-Argibay, Miguel, Rietz, Ebba Du, Andershed, Henrik, Chang, Zheng, Faraone, Stephen and Larsson, Henrik
(2021)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based register study.
European Psychiatry, 65 (1), [e3].
(doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2261).
Abstract
Background: previous research has indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia, but studies are scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between ADHD, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid conditions, educational attainment, head injuries, other developmental disorders, and sex on the association.
Methods: the study population consisted of 3,591,689 individuals born between 1932 and 1963, identified from Swedish population-based registers. Cases of ADHD, dementia and MCI were defined according to ICD diagnostic codes and ATC codes for medication prescriptions. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between ADHD, and dementia and MCI.
Results: individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. After adjusting for sex and birth year, a hazard ratio (HR) was 2.92 (95% confidence interval 2.40–3.57) for dementia, and 6.21 (5.25–7.35) for MCI. Additional adjustment for psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and bipolar disorder) substantially attenuated the associations, HR = 1.62 (1.32–1.98) for dementia, and 2.54 (2.14–3.01) for MCI. Common metabolic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity), sleep disorders, head injuries, educational attainment, and other developmental disorders, had a limited impact on the association. The association between ADHD and dementia was stronger in men.
Conclusions: ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations.
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attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-as-a-risk-factor-for-dementia-and-mild-cognitive-impairment-a-population-based-register-study
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Accepted/In Press date: 10 December 2021
e-pub ahead of print date: 20 December 2021
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Local EPrints ID: 493287
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/493287
ISSN: 0924-9338
PURE UUID: 1d5a57f5-e216-4ba4-abe1-5b30494918ec
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Date deposited: 29 Aug 2024 16:41
Last modified: 31 Aug 2024 02:12
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Contributors
Author:
Maja Dobrosavljevic
Author:
Le Zhang
Author:
Miguel Garcia-Argibay
Author:
Ebba Du Rietz
Author:
Henrik Andershed
Author:
Zheng Chang
Author:
Stephen Faraone
Author:
Henrik Larsson
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