Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background: obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood.
Methods: we systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI.
Findings: from 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest.
Interpretation: the worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
Body mass index, Global Burden of Disease Study, Metabolic risk, Obesity
Zhou, Xiao-Dong
dc0c4380-3f19-48bf-86ef-b69d9f7fb230
Chen, Qin-Fen
bd312ce6-2897-4b3c-87c4-018799be6766
Yang, Wah
d264ddf6-9321-44be-925c-956d8f8cd34f
Byrne, Chrisopher D.
1370b997-cead-4229-83a7-53301ed2a43c
24 September 2024
Zhou, Xiao-Dong
dc0c4380-3f19-48bf-86ef-b69d9f7fb230
Chen, Qin-Fen
bd312ce6-2897-4b3c-87c4-018799be6766
Yang, Wah
d264ddf6-9321-44be-925c-956d8f8cd34f
Byrne, Chrisopher D.
1370b997-cead-4229-83a7-53301ed2a43c
Abstract
Background: obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood.
Methods: we systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI.
Findings: from 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest.
Interpretation: the worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 9 September 2024
e-pub ahead of print date: 24 September 2024
Published date: 24 September 2024
Additional Information:
Authors: Xiao-Dong Zhou, Qin-Fen Chen, Wah Yang, Mauricio Zuluaga, Giovanni Targher, Christopher D. Byrne, Luca Valenti, Fei Luo, Christos S. Katsouras, Omar Thaher, Anoop Misra, Karim Ataya, Rodolfo J. Oviedo, Alice Pik-Shan Kong, Khalid Alswat, Amedeo Lonardo, Yu Jun Wong, Adam Abu-Abeid, Hazem Al Momani, Arshad Ali, Gabriel Alejandro Molina, Olivia Szepietowski, Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev, Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya, Octavio Viveiros, Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo, Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok, Oral Ospanov, Syed Imran Abbas, Andrew Gerard Robertson, Yasser Fouad, Christos S. Mantzoros, Huijie Zhang, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Silvia Sookoian, Wah-Kheong Chan, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Leon Adams, Ponsiano Ocama, John D. Ryan, Nilanka Perera, Ala I. Sharara, Said A. Al-Busafi, Christopher Kenneth Opio, Manuel Garcia, Michelle Ching Lim-Loo, Elena Ruiz-Úcar, Arun Prasad, Anna Casajoana, Tamer N. Abdelbaki, Ming-Hua Zheng
Keywords:
Body mass index, Global Burden of Disease Study, Metabolic risk, Obesity
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 494425
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/494425
ISSN: 2589-5370
PURE UUID: 78d3065f-bb22-49ff-bcff-2772b28bb286
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Date deposited: 08 Oct 2024 16:37
Last modified: 12 Oct 2024 01:44
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